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To know the relationship of one location of the body to the another, we should understand about body positional and directional terms of Medical terminology. (1) Anterior or ventral:- This position refers to front side of the body. Ex:- chest is anterior to the back. In a human anterior and ventral are the same position, but in four-legged animals anterior refers to front side of the body near the head and ventral refers to the abdomen side. (2) Posterior or dorsal:- Posterior or dorsal refers to the back side of the body. Back is the posterior or dorsal to the chest. (3) Deep:- This refers to away from the surface. Ex:- Bullet went deep into the chest. (4) Superficial:- This refers to on the surface. The shore is on the superficially infected. (5) Proximal:- This position refers to near the point of attachment or near the beginning of a structure. Ex:- The proximal end of the femur attaches with the hip bone. (6) Distal:- This position refers to far f...

According to the regions of the Spinal column, we can separate into divisions. Spinal columns comprised of bones in series extending from the neck towards the tail bone. Each bone in this series is called in singular vertebra and vertebrae in plural. Totally this series of bones numbered is thirty and we can divide this thirty bones into five divisions such as: (1) Cervical (C) (2) Thoracic (T or D( dorsal)) (3) Lumbar (L) (4) Sacral (S) (5) Coccygeal Now we can see each division in detail: (1) Cervical (C):- This division of the backbones are in the neck region. These are seven in numbers (C1 - C7). These bones are called cervical vertebrae. (2) Thoracic (T or D( dorsal)):- This division of the backbones are in the chest region of our body. These twelve bones are joined to the rib bones. These bones are twelve in number (T1 - T12). These bones are called Thoracic vertebrae. (3) Lumbar (L):- These bones are in the flank region. T...

We can divide Abdominopelvic regions into four quadrants by making two imaginary lines (vertically and horizontally intersecting each other) on the abdomen through the body. By this way we will get four abdominal quadrants such as: (1) Right upper quadrant (RUQ) (2) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) (3) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) (4) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Now we can see each quadrant and its organ one by one: (1) Right upper quadrant (RUQ):- This quadrant contains right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, part of the pancreas, part of the small and large intestines. (2) Left upper quadrant (LUQ):- This quadrant contains left lobe of the liver, Stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, and parts of the small and large intestines. (3) Right lower quadrant (RLQ):- This quadrant contains part of the small and large intestines, right ovary, the right uterine or fallopian tube, appendix, and right ureter. (4) Left lower quadrant (LLQ):- Thi...

We can divide Abdominopelvic cavities into nine regions. (1) Hypochondriac regions (left and right) - 2 (2) Epigastric region - 1 (3) Lumbar regions - 2 (4) Umbilical region - 1 (5) Inguinal regions - 2 (6) Hypogastric regions - 2 Now we can see each region and the organs containing in each region: (1) Hypochondriac regions (left and right):- These regions are two in number and they are in the upper right and left regions below the rib cartilages that extend over the abdomen. (chondr/o means cartilage). (2) Epigastric region:- This is the region which is above the stomach. (3) Lumbar regions:- These regions are near the waist in the left and right side. (4) Umbilical region:- This is the region also called Umbilicus region which is in the naval portion of the body. (5) Inguinal regions:-These are regions in the lower part of the abdomen in the right and left sides near the groin where the two legs join to the trunk of the...

A body cavity is a space within the body that contains internal organs. A body cavity is any fluid filled space in a multicellular organism, it is located between an animal's outer covering (epidermis) and the outer lining of the gut cavity, where internal organs develop. "The body cavity" of human body cavities normally refers to the ventral body cavity, because it is by far the largest one in area. The collective visceral cavity of the trunk (thoracic cavity plus abdominopelvic cavity), bounded by the superior thoracic aperture above, the pelvic floor below, and the body walls (parietes) in between. Our body consists of five body cavities, such as 1. Cranial cavity 2. Thoracic cavity 3. Abdominal cavity 4. Pelvic cavity 5. Spinal cavity Now we will study briefly each cavity and the organs within each cavity: 1. Cranial cavity: This cavity consists of brain and pituitary gland. 2. Thoracic cavity: This cavity consists of lungs, heart, esophagus, t...

ORGANS:  Several kinds of tissues combine together to form an ORGAN. For instance, stomach is an organ that is composed of nerve tissue, muscle tissue, and glandular epithelial tissue. VISCERA (singular: viscus) are internal organs. Abdominal viscera are the liver, stomach, large and small intestines, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder. SYSTEMS:  Groups of organs combine together to form a SYSTEM. Each system performs complex functions. For instance, respiratory system consists of NOSE, PHARYNX, LARYNX (VOICE BOX), TRACHEA (WINDPIPE), BRONCHIAL TUBES, AND LUNGS. Now we can see each system and its organs: 1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: This system contains mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large intestines), liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. 2. URINARY AND EXCRETORY SYSTEM: This systems consists of kidneys, ureters (from these tubes urine comes out of the kidneys to urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra (from this opening urine ...

Combination of a group of similar or same kind of cells. They combine to work together to do a particular or specific job. For example, a) EPITHELIA TISSUE is lining the internal organs of our body i.e. their function is to lining an organ that is these tissues covering the outside of the body organs, as well as inner suface of internal organs too. Epi-means outer. b) MUSCLE TISSUE, two types of muscle tissues (voluntary and involuntary), voluntary muscles are controlling our arms and legs where the movement is voluntary i.e. movement is in our control. At the same time involuntary muscles is in our heart (CARDIAC MUSCLE-a specialized muscle found in the heart) and gastrointestinal system, and also other parts of the body too where the movement is involuntary i.e. not in our control. c) CONNECTIVE TISSUE, blood, fat, cartilage, and bone are the examples of connective tissue, because they differ much from other tissues. CARTILAGE is an elastic fibrous tissue attached b...

The fundamental unit of every animal or plant is cells. Combination of cells is called TISSUES. Every ORGAN in the body is made up of combination of many tissues. SAMENESS OF THE CELLS: All cells are same and they contain a gelatinous substance made up of or composed of water, protein, acids, fats, and various minerals. See the figure-1 and 2, to know the cell and its structures photographically.Now we see each and every part of the cell one by one. 1. CELL MEMBRANE: Cell membrane protects the cell and surrounds it that passes into and out of the cell. 2. NUCLEUS: The nucleus controls the structure of the cell. Cell reproduction process is directed by the nucleus only and which determines the function of the cell and the structure of the cell. 3. CHROMOSOMES: These are rod-like structures inside the cell. Human body cells (other than sex cells, the egg, and sperm cells) contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. Sex cells, such as sperm and egg cells have 23 single chromosom...

ROOT: This is the foundation of the word. All medical terms consists of one or more ROOTS.eg. pulmonologyin this word pulm/ is the ROOT, which means lung.see some more examples: 1. gastritis (inflammation of the intestine) - gastr/o is the ROOT, which means intestine. 2. hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) - hepa/o is the root, which means liver 3. cardiology (study of heart) - cardi/0 means heart 4. adenoma (tumorous mass) - aden/o means gland 5. arthritis (inflammation of the joint) - arthr/o means joint 6. biology (study of life) - bio/o means life 7. carcinoma (cancerous tumor) - carcin/o means cancerous tumor 8. cardiology - cardi/o means heart 9. cephalic - cephal/o means head 10. incision - cis/o means cutting into 11. endocrine - crini/o means gland 12. cytology - cyt/o means cell 13. cystoscopy - cyst/o means bladder 14. dermatitis - derm/o means skin 15. dermatology - dermat/o means skin 16. electrocardiogram - electro/o means electrici...

In this medical terminology program , we deal about medical terminology as a subject matter in the next few lessons. We start from combining forms. 1. IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL WORD ANALYSIS:The first important foremost thing is to understand medical terminology by the technique of word analysis method. Using division of words by this method makes us understand easily difficult medical terms with relation to its meaning.The aim of this lesson is to analyze medical words or medical terminology.some medical words or medical terms are same in pronunciation  but their spellings are different.For instance see these words:ilium and ileum these are same in pronunciation  but the meanings are different.ilium is part of the hip bone. ileum is part of the small intestine.and note these words urethra and ureter, these two words resemble like the same word, butthe pronunciation and meanings are different, and even the spellings too.ureter (-UR-e-ter) is the on...

Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions are divided into 9 regions as per the division of the abdominal and pelvic cavities to explain the regions in which internal organs are found. They are as follows: Hypochondriac, epigastric, lumbar, umbilical, inguinal, and hypogastric. Now we will see about all abdominopelvic quadrants and regions one by one now. 1. Hypochondriac regions (2): The two upper right and left regions below the cartilage (chondr/o) of the ribs that extend over the abdomen. 2. Epigastric regions (2): This is the region above the stomach. 3. Lumbar regions (2): The two right and left regions near the waist part of the body. 4. Umbilical regions (1): The region of the umbilicus or navel portion of the body. 5. Inguinal regions (2): The two lower right and left regions of the body, inguin/o means groin that is the area where the two legs join together with the trunk of the body. This region is also called iliac regions because they are near the ilium part...

Abdominal quadrants study is an important things to know. We can divide the abdominopelvic region into four quadrants. This can be imagined by drawing an imaginary lines one vertical and one horizontal through the body. The four abdominal quadrants are right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant. 1. Right upper quadrant (RUQ): This quadrant contains the right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines. 2. Left upper quadrant (LUQ): This quadrant contains the left lobe of the liver, stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines. 3. Right lower quadrant (RLQ): This quadrant contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right uterine (fallopian) tube, appendix, and right ureter. 4. Left lower quadrant (LLQ): This quadrant contains part of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left uterine tube, and left ureter. Now t...

Anatomy of body cavities are important topics in medical transcription course. Body cavity is a space within the body that contains internal organs. Our body consists of five cavities, such as Spinal, Pelvic, abdominal, Thoracic, and Cranial. 1. Spinal Cavity-This cavity consists of nerves of the spinal cord. 2. Pelvic Cavity-This consists of urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, and uterus and vagina in the female. 3. Abdominal Cavity-This consists of Stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Abdominal cavity is surrounded by a double-folded membrane called peritoneum. Two kidneys are situated at the back of the abdominal cavity, and this area is called as retroperitoneal area. 4. Thoracic Cavity-This cavity contains organs such as lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta (large artery). Thoracic cavity can also be divided into two smaller cavities: i. Pleural cavity- This is a space between pleur...

ORGANS: Organs are the structures that are composed of several kinds of tissues. For instance an organ like Stomach is composed of Glandular epithelial tissue, nerve tissue and muscle tissue. SYSTEMS: A system consists of organ groups functioning together to perform a complex function. For example digestive system consists of organs like mouth, esophagus, stomach and small and large intestines, they combine together to do a complex function of digesting food and absorb the digested food into the bloodstream. Organs In our body there are ten systems as below: 1. Skin and sense organs-This system contains skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands, the eye, the ear, the nose, and the tongue. 2. Skeletal system-joints and bones. 3. Muscular system-muscles. 4. Circulatory system-heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries), Lymph vessels and nodes, Spleen and thymus gland. 5. Nervous system-brain, spinal cord, nerves and collection of nerv...

This lesson is about human tissues . To do a specialized activity, same cells combine together to form a tissue . Study of tissues is called Histology, and one who specialized in Histology is called Histologist. There are different kinds of tissues in our body to perform different functions .Similar cells combine together to form a tissue. Different kinds of tissues: 1. Nerve tissue 2. Connective tissue 3. Muscle tissue 4. Epithelial tissue Now we study about all human tissues one by one 1.Nerve tissue: Nerve tissues are combination of nerve cells as we have already studied the main function of nerve cells is conduction of impulses through out the body, and so the job of nerve tissue is also the conduction of impulses. 2. Connective tissue: The examples for Connective tissues are Adipose tissue, Cartilage and bone. Cartilage is an elastic and fibrous tissue attached to bones. 3.Muscle tissue: There are two types of Muscle tissues in our body...

Body cells are different types. We often may read about stem cell types. Like in a movie there are many actors to do their different roles to establish a story, in our body there are different kinds of cells to do different roles to keep the body stable and active. The cells in our body are of two types: 1. Somatic cells. Our body contains Muscle cells, Nerve cells, Skin cells, and Fat cells. These kind of cells performing mainly body related functions and so they are called Somatic cells. There are varieties of cells inside the body. Every cell is different or specially created to do their special role inside the body throughout. Fat Cell: For example in body cells a FAT CELL has in it empty and large spaces for fat storage, and a muscle is slender and long and has in it fiber material that help in relaxing and contracting, as well as a skin cell is square in shape and also flat in structure to give protection to our body and a nerve cell which is long in struct...