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There are three additional organs take part in digestion of the food are the liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas. FUNCTION OF THE LIVER: The liver is located in the right upper quadrant or RUQ of the abdomen. The liver creates an yellowish-brown colored or greenish, thick fluid named bile. Bile contains a fatty substance i.e. cholesterol, bile acids, and many bile pigments. The pigment named bilirubin is manufactured from the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver. Bile combines with bilirubin in the liver and then passes into the duodenum. This material is also excreted out from the body with feces. The bile is manufacturing continuously in the liver travels down to the gallbladder via hepatic duct and cystic duct. Gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac like structure, which is under the liver. Gallbladder collects the bile and stored inside. The bile gets concentrated in the gallbladder. The bile forced to out to the duodenum via common bile duct and pancreatic duct. The duode...

The food enters into the mouth after crossing the oral cavity first comes across the organs one by one: 1. pharynx, 2. esophagus 3. stomach 4. duodenum 5. jejunum 6. ileum 7. cecum 8. ascending colon 9. transverse colon 10. descending colon 11. sigmoid colon 12. rectum 13. anus The another three organs related to this tract are liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. We will see about each organ and its functions one be one. PHARYNX: This is of about 5-inch long, lined with mucus, and a muscular tube. The air from the nasal cavity to the trachea or windpipe and the food from the mouth to the esophagus are passing towards pharynx. When we swallow food i.e. deglutition occurs, the epiglottis, a tissue flap covers the windpipe or trachea. This prevents the food cannot enter and stay inside windpipe. ESOPHAGUS: Eso- means inward, phag/o means swallowing. Esophagus is tube of about 10-inch extending from the pharynx to the stomach. The food after enters from the pha...

ORAL CAVITY:   Anatomy and physiology of GI tract starts from mouth. Mouth is also called oral cavity. Oral cavity consists of 1. Lips 2. Teeth 3. Tongue 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate 6. Cheeks 7. Uvula 8. Tonsils 9. Gums CHEEKS AND LIPS:   The cheeks form the walls of the oval-shaped oral cavity, and the lips surround the opening to the cavity. HARD PALATE:   The hard palate forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth. Rugae are irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate. SOFT PALATE:   The soft palate is posterior to the hard palate, which is muscular in structure. Uvula is a small and soft tissue hanging from the soft palate. Uvula means little grape. Uvula is helping in producing sounds and speech. TONGUE:   In the oral cavity tongue extends across the floor of the oral cavity. It attaches in the mouth by muscles to the lower jaw. Tongue moves food around when chewing and swallowing....

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:   INTRODUCTION TO THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:  Digestive system is also called gastrointestinal system or alimentary canal. Digestive tract starts from the mouth and ends at the anus. Food enters into the body through the mouth and then enters into the intestines, after the food material absorbed, and the waste material excreted out from the anus. Travel track of food materials: Food travel starts first from mouth to pharynx to esophagus to stomach to duodenum where gallbladder, liver, and pancreas take part in the travel of the food then to jejunum to ileum to cecum to ascending colon to transverse colon to descending colon to sigmoid colon to rectum to anus. What happens to the food as travels when enters into the GI (gastrointestinal tract)? The food enters the body as a complex food material, we chewed the food, the saliva mixed with the food. The complex food material broken down into simpler material. The food material chemically and mechanically ...

ACHONDROPLASIA:  It is an inherited disorder in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size owing to a defect in both cartilage and bone. It results in a type of dwarfism characterized by short limbs, a normal-sized head and body, and normal intelligence. LAPAROSCOPY:   Laparoscopy or peritoneoscopy is a virtual examination of the peritoneal cavity (abdomen) with the use of a laparoscope. The laparoscope is inserted through an incision in the abdomen near the navel, and gas is infused into the peritoneal cavity. This procedure is used to examine the organs in the abdomen for evidence of disease or to perform surgical procedures such as biopsies and tying off of the uterine (fallopian) tubes. ARTERIOLE:   The relationship between an artery, arterioles, capillaries (tiniest of blood vessels), a venule. ADENOIDS:   The adenoids-aden/o means gland –oid means like, these resembling like glands, but they are not exocrine or endocrine glands...