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1. Cirrhosis- This is an end-stage liver disease described by diffuse damage to hepatic parenchymal cells. This makes nodular regeneration, fibrosis, and disturbance of normal architecture. Cirrhosis is associated with failure in the function of hepatic cells and interference with blood flow in the liver, and often resulting in jaundice, portal hypertension, ascites, and ultimately biochemical and functional signs of hepatic failure. 2. Gallstones (biliary calculus or cholelith)- A collection of bile in the gallbladder or a bile duct and becomes hard to create gallstones. A gallstone is composed mainly of a mixture of cholesterol, calcium bilirubinate, and calcium carbonate, sometimes as an unmixed stone composed of just one of these substances. 3. Pancreatitis- Inflammation of the pancreas. The etiology of this disease is unknown. Alcoholism or gallstones or trauma in the abdomen or drugs may develop inflammation in the pancreas. Gastric juices too attack tissues of the pancre...

1. Achalasia- Malfunction of lower esophageal sphincter muscles fail to relax referring especially to visceral openings such as the pylorus, cardia, or any other sphincter muscles. Due to this condition peristaltic function of the esophagus fails and food cannot pass through the esophagus. A plain diet, which is low in bulk and the expansion of the lower esophageal sphincter or ELS are the curative measures of this symptom. 2. Anal fistula- This is an abnormal tube-like duct near the anus connects with the rectum. An anal fissure is a narrow cut in the anal wall. 3. Colonic polyposis- Occurrence of numerous polyps i.e. small growths from the mucous membrane of the colon. 4. Colorectal cancer- Carcinoma of the colon and rectum or of both. This disease condition may happen due to the beef diet, which is not cooked well, and the entry of the bacteria from that diet in the colon that increases the level of fatty acids and bile in the blood. These are the factors or carcinogens of...

1. Aphthous stomatitis (aphtha)- Idiopathic or cause unknown oral ulcers of small in size due to inflammation with formation of a gray exudate. This condition is also called canker sores. Aphth/o means ulcer. 2. Dental caries- Tooth decomposition or tooth decay. a localized, increasingly damaging disease of the teeth which starts at the external surface (usually the enamel) with the obvious termination of the inorganic components by organic acids that are produced in immediate nearness to the tooth by the enzymatic action of masses of microorganisms (in the bacterial plaque) on carbohydrates. 3. Herpetic stomatitis- Inflammation of the gums, lips, palate, and tongue i.e. whole mouth by the herpesvirus. 4. Oral leukoplakia (smoker’s patches)- A white patch of oral or female genital mucous membrane that cannot be cleaned off and cannot be diagnosed clinically as any particular disease. This is a precancerous state. The etiological factors are chronic alcohol and tobacco use. 5...

NOTE:  1. Etiology means the cause of the disease and the treatment for that disease. Eti/o means cause. 2. Idiopathic means the cause of the disease is not known or not be understood. Idi/o means not known. GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS: 1. Ascites- Collection of watery serous fluids abnormally in the stomach. May be due to this sometimes the accumulated fluid leaks out of the bloodstream and gathers in the peritoneal cavity. This can be the symptoms of inflammatory disorder or neoplasm of the abdomen, venous hypertension caused by cirrhosis, and heart failure. 2. Anorexia- Lessened need to eat i.e. less appetite (-orexia means appetite). This is may be the sign of liver disease or growth of abnormal cells called malignancy. Anorexia nervosa is the disease condition in which less appetite is caused due to emotional difficulties such as worries, nervousness, and anger. 3. Achlorhydria- Abnormal condition of lack of gastric juice or hydrochloric acid in the abdomen. 4. Co...