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Diagnosis Pheochromocytoma and Treatment - Lesson 328 An abnormal condition caused by thick colored stains formed by the tumor cells of adrenal medulla. As the name of the tumor pheochromocytoma illustrates the meaning, pheo- means dark or thick or dusky, chromo- means colored -cytoma means abnormal condition of tumor by these cells. The origin of this type of tumor is from the adrenal medulla. What these abnormal tumor cells do after their formation? These tumor cells will produce excessive in amount the hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine. Signs and symptoms of pheochromocytoma: These tumor cells simply activate excessively the nerves of sympathetic nervous system and so heart rate may increase with blood pressure, excessive sweating may happen, weight loss, hyperglycemia, skin palpitations, as well as flank pain are the visible symptoms of pheochromocytoma. Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma:  Identification of normetanephrine and metanephrine factors in plasma ce...

1. aaIPI (age adjusted International Prognostic Index) - The age-adjusted IPI (aaIPI) has been used in studies adopting intensive treatment approaches such as high-dose therapy (HDT) and stem cell transplantation (SCT). 2.  Acticoat – nanocrystalline silver surgical dressing that is an antimicrobial barrier dressing. 3.  Abbott Grand Slam guide wire used in cardiac catheterization. 4.  ABCD criteria for pigmented lesions - asymmetry, border irregularity, color variegation, diameter. Can also be ABCDE - evolving. 5.  Abiraterone – chemotherapy drug for prostate cancer. 6.  Absolute self-expanding stent. 7.  Abumi method for cervical spinal pedicle screw placement. 8.  Acanya (benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin phosphate) - used for acne treatment 9.  Acapella chest physiotherapy device for cystic fibrosis patients. 10.  Acetadote – antidote for acetaminophen overdose (like Mucomyst). 11.  Actemra – new medication for rh...

Addison's disease is an abnormal condition of less secretion of mineralocorticosteroids and glucocorticosteroids, especially less production of hormones produced by kidneys. Addison's disease happens when adrenal glands (glands above kidneys) produce less hormones, such as corticosteroids and aldosterone. The main reason for this disease is TB, any metastatic tumors or bilateral hemorrhage. Adrenal Gland Hormones:  The glands produce hormones that are above kidneys are call adrenal glands. The outer area of an adrenal gland is called as cortex and the inner area of an adrenal gland is medulla. The main reason for the Addison's disease is less formation of adrenal cortex hormones. The names of adrenal cortex hormones are cortisol, aldosterone, androgen and estrogen.  Cortisol helps to maintain sugar in our body and immune response; aldosterone helps to regulate minerals, such as sodium and potassium in the blood. Androgen and estrogen are male and female sex hormones t...

Cushing Syndrome is the topic matter we are going to deal today in the series of endocrine gland abnormalities. What is Cushing's Syndrome? It is an abnormal condition of accumulation of excess of secretion of a hormone called cortisol in the body. This may happen because of over consumption of corticosteroid medications or by other factors like other steroid hormones. Cushing's syndrome can be felt by some symptoms of excessive cortisol secretion by adrenal cortex in the kidneys. Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome:  Onset of obesity, fullness of human face like a moon, buffalo hump, hyperglycemia, excessive sodium in the blood, low potassium level in the blood, osteoporosis and increase of blood pressure are the overt symptoms of Cushing's syndrome. Causes of Cushing's Syndrome:  Excessive ACTH secretion leads to this condition and this may happen due to any abnormal growth or tumor on the adrenal cortex. Tests to identify Cushing's Disease:  Serum co...

Virilization is the topic matter of today's lesson in the series of endocrine glands abnormal conditions. Today we will see about virilization or adrenal virilism.  This is an abnormal condition of excessive secretion of the hormone androgen by adrenal cortex of the kidneys. Causes of Adrenal Virilism:  The common reason for the excessive secretion of androgen is hyperplasia of adrenal cortex or may be due to a growth of a tumor on adrenal cortex. Virilization or adrenal virilism is commonly found in adult women. Symptoms of adrenal virilism:  Common symptoms of virilization in female is no regular mensus or amenorrhea, excessive growth of hair in face and body in women, voice deepening or any formation of acne in the skin. Treatment for Adrenal Virlism: Common treatment for adrenal virilism is to administer drugs to reduce the production of androgen or in  serious conditions, the adrenal cortex with abnormal growth of tumor may be surgically removed by ...

Parathyroid gland disorders is the topic matter of this post. In this article, we will see about the main abnormal conditions of parathyroid gland, such as, hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism.  Parathyroid gland is one of the important gland that is with thyroid gland. These are two small glands that are present inside the neck. They are two important endocrine glands that produce parathyroid hormone. The main function of parathormone is to control the level of calcium inside bones and bloodstream.  A grain-sized four small glands present superiorly and inferiorly on each side of thyroid of two is the parathyroid gland. When these glands fail to secrete or secrete less or more parathormone, human body will be affected with some abnormal conditions. We will see what are they now. Hyperparathyroidism: This is an abnormal condition of secreting excessive parathormone. When they secrete more, the level of calcium in the blood and bones increase, which is an abnormal ...

Thyroid Cancer is the topic matter of this post. We will learn about another important abnormal condition of thyroid gland that is carcinoma or cancer of thyroid glands. We will learn briefly about how cancer forms, spreads inside the gland and outside, and what is the treatment methods. In general, there are two types, such as, benign tumors and carcinomas. In these, adenomas in thyroid are benign tumor types. Adenomas are not dangerous like thyroid carcinomas. Carcinomas are malignant cancer formation inside thyroid glands. Some cancers may develop somewhat in a slow manner, but other types may develop somewhat faster, and some may spread cancer to the adjacent areas too from the origin of cancer area. Thyroid adenomas Vs Thyroid Carcinomas:  How can we differentiate a thyroid adenoma from thyroid cancer. When we check for cancers using radioactive iodine tracer, the specialists can differentiate them and identify they type of cancer by reading them. Benign tumor sites in t...