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In this post we will learn about the Muscles and its types. There are three types of muscles in the body which are briefly explained below. They are 1. Smooth muscles:- These muscles are also called involuntary or visceral muscles, are those muscle fibers that move internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and secretory ducts leading from glands. These muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. They are so called smooth because they have no dark and light fibrils in their cytoplasm. Skeletal muscle fibers are arranged in bundles, while smooth muscle forms sheets of fibers as it wraps around tubes and vessels. 2. Striated muscles:- These muscles are also called voluntary or skeletal muscles which are the muscle fibers that move all bones as well as the face and eyes. We have deep or conscious control over the muscles through the central and peripheral nervous system. The fibers also called cells known Striated muscle fibers have a pattern or way ...

In this post we will learn about the remaining Pathological conditions in the Musculoskeletal system.  Herniation of an intervertebral disc: Abnormal protrusion of a cartilaginous intervertebral  pad into the neuralcanal or spinal nerves. This situation or condition is generally called as “slipped disk” (disc) that presses on the spinal nerves or the cord. Low-back pain, cervical pain, and ‘sciatica’ or radiating pain down to the leg are the symptoms, which depend on the location of the disk. Bed rest, Physical therapy, and drugs for pain  will help in initial treatment. In patients with chronic or recurrent disk herniation, ‘laminectomy,’ which means surgical removal of a portion of the vertebral arch to allow more room for the protruded disk also maybe advised. Spinal fusion of the two vertebrae with removal of the damaged and herniated disk may be necessary as well. Aspiration percutaneous diskectomy is a new technique for removing the disk by inserting a tube throug...

In this post we will learn some more pathological conditions in the Musculoskeletal system. Rheumatoid arthritis:-  This is a chronic disease in which joints become painful and inflamed. It is believed to be caused by an immune reaction and this reaction is against joint tissues and in which the small joints of the hands and feet are affected first and the larger joints later. Women are generally affected than men. Damaging the articular cartilage and stopping easy movements happen in synovial membranes which become thickened and inflamed. In some of the cases this fibrous forms of tissues calcify creating a bony ankylosis, which is the union or combination at the joint and stopping any movement at all. Swollen and painful joints associations with fever are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Blood test when taken will show the presence of rheumatoid factor of an antibody and x-rays will show persisting changes around the joints which are affected by the disease. The treatment ...

In this post we will learn some suffixes and their meanings and some Pathological Conditions.      –desis means to bind or to tie together and its terminology is arthrodesis means bones are fixed across the joint space by surgery which is also called artificial ankylosis. This type of operation is conducted when a joint is very painful, chronically infected, or unstable.      –stenosis narrowing means spinal stenosis in which narrowing of the neural canal or nerve root canals in the lumbar spine. Symptoms like pain, paresthesias, urinary retention, or incontinence come from compression of the cauda equina which means nerves that spread out from the lower end of the spinal cord like a horse’s tail. Some of the Pathological conditions are:- 1. For Arthritis inflammation of joints in which some of the common forms are: a. Ankylosing spondylitis:- Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine. Bilate...

Vocabulary:      1.       Articulation means joint.  2.    Bursa means sac of fluid at a joint.  3.   Ligament means the connective tissue which binds bones to other bones; or supports and strengthens the joint.  4.   Suture joint is a type of joint in which opposed surfaces are closely united.  5.   Synovial cavity is the space between bones at a synovial joint.  6.   Synovial fluid is the viscous fluid within the synovial cavity. Synovial fluid is as same as the viscosity in egg white; or this results for the origin of the term(syn- means like, ov/o means egg).      7.   Synovial joint is a freely movable joint.  8.   Synovial membrane is the membrane lining the synovial cavity. 9.   Tendon is the connective tissue which binds muscles to bones. The Combining Forms with their meanings are listed below. 1. ankyl/o means crooked, bent stiff and it...

In the earlier posts we have already learned about the types of joints like movable joints and immovable joints. Now in this post we would learn some what about immovable joints. The joining of two or more bones is the articulation or the joint. Some of the immovable joints between the skull bones are the suture joints  A suture is a type of articulation in which the bones that makeup and the bones are close together.  In this suture joint, the union of bones is connected by connective tissue. Other joints, such as those between the vertebrae, are partially movable joints. Most of the joints however allow considerable movement. Those which are freely movable joints are called as synovial joints. This synovial joint is also called as diarthrosis which is the most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal. Like with other joints mostly, synovial joints gains movement at the meeting of the articulating bones. Examples of the synovial joints are the ball-and...

In this post we are going to deal about Pathological Conditions of bone such as osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, and talipes.   OSTEOMYELITIS Osteomyelitis is the word from Greek and in which osteon means bone, myelo means marrow and -itis means inflammation. So it can also be called as inflammation of the bone and bone marrow. Bacteria enters the body through the wound and extends from an infection at the bone or come from a skin or infection of the throat. The mostly affected from this Osteomyelitis were the children and this infection usually occurs in the long bones of the legs and the arms. This bacteria can travel into the bone through the bloodstream from another infected areas in the body. This is also called as hematogenous. People suffering from this osteomyelitis feel severe pain in the infected bone, and suffer from fever and chills, feel tired or nauseated or have a feeling of not being well generally. The skin at the top of the infected bone may be sore, red and s...

In this post we will learn about various bone disease conditions one by one. Okay.   Osteomalacia:  This is an abnormal condition of bones, in which the bones get soften by means of scarce quantity of calcium and other minerals in the bones.  This condition is primarily happens because of  rickets, a disease condition in childhood.  In this condition, bones not succeed to get sufficient quantities of important minerals like phosphorous and calcium.  As there is lack of essential minerals, bones turn out to be crook easily and become spongy, and so bend. Exostosis:  It means a condition of bone in which a growth starts to occur on the outside of the bones.  Ex- means out, -ostosis means an abnormal condition of bone.  For example, a bunion is a puffiness or a bump on the big toe especially in the metatarsophalangeal joint in close proximity to the base.  This bunion develops by way of growth of soft tissue and main bone. Osteo...

In this post, we will learn about musculoskeletal pathological conditions. Okay. Come on. Human musculoskeletal system consists of bones that form the outline of the human body.  Movement happens in the human body only when bones move with muscles by the reaction of action commands from the nerves from the central nervous system and brain.  Even the bones are tougher comparing other organ systems in the body, they also are affected by many disease conditions like cancers and fractures and other conditions.  In this post, we will see about all types of fractures one by one now. Fracture happens when one unexpectedly breaks his or her bone due to any intentional or unintentional activities like accident, attacks, falls, or due to thinning of bones due to less calcium in them.   Fractures in the bones are of eight types such as simple fracture or closed fracture, compound or open fracture, pathological fracture, Colles’ fracture, comminuted fracture, compression...

In this post we would learn the remaining terms related to specific bones. 8. fibul/o means fibula or smaller lower leg bone. 9. humer/o means humerus or upper arm bone. 10. ili/o means ilium or upper part of the pelvic bone. 11. isch/o means ischium or posterior part of the pelvic bone. 12. malleol/o means malleolus or the process on each side of the ankle. The medial malleolus is at the bottom of the tibia and the lateral malleolus is at the bottom of the fibula. 13. mandibul/o means mandible or lower jaw bone. 14.   maxilla/o means maxilla or the upper jaw bone. 15. metacarp/o means metacarpals or hand bones. 16. metatars/o means metatarsals or foot bones. 17. olecran/o means olecranon or elbow. 18. patell/a means patella. 19. patell/o means kneecap. 20. pelv/i means pelvis or hip bone. 21. perone/o means fibula. 22. phalang/o means philanges or finger bones. 23. pub/o means pubis or anterior part of the pelvic bo...

 Some of the suffixes of the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM are given below: 1. –blast means embryonic or immature cell. Osteoblast is the cell breaks down bone to remove bone tissue. 2. –clast means to break. Osteoclast means the break down of cell to remove bone tissue. 3. –listhesis means slipping. Spondylolisthesis means forward slipping or subluxation of a vertebra over a lower vertebra. 4. –malacia means softening. Osteomalacia means a condition in which vitamin D deficiency leads to decalcification of bones known as rickets in children. 5. –physis means to grow. Epiphysis and Pubic symphysis are the best examples. 6. –porosis means pore or passage. Osteoporosis means loss of bony tissue and decreased mass of bone. Pathological conditions and fractures. 7. –tome means instrument to cut. Osteotome means surgical chisel which is designed to cut bone. SPECIFIC BONES OF RELATED TERMS Let us discuss some of the related terms for the combining forms of...

The cancer arises in the urinary bladder because of malevolent development of cancer cell in the urinary bladder.  Atypical cancer cells increase their growth in the bladder irregularly and uncontrollably. The urinary bladder is a concave and brawny organ that stocks up urine.  This type of cancer is known as transitional cell carcinoma or urothelial cell carcinoma.  The signs and symptom of this type of cancer in the urinary bladder is typically bring about blood in the urine.  The bleeding from the urinary bladder in the urine possibly noticeable to the bare eye called gross hematuria.  Sometimes the hematuria may be not noticeable to the bare eye called microscopic hematuria, as they can be seen only under microscope.  Additional likely symptoms of the bladder cancer comprise of pain through urination and recurrent urination called polyuria.  Hematuria and recurrent urination may occur possibly due to inflammation of the urinary bladder too. ...

There are many kinds of alternative treatment methods to treat cancer all over the world.  The conventional alternative cancer treatment methods are of using therapies like chemotherapy, chemoembolization method, radiation therapy, hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.  Even some methods of alternative cancer treatment techniques are costly.  They are useful in lessening the pain and discomfort of the patient.  In many cases, these alternative treatment methods give devastating and overwhelming side effects after it, but they are in no way important in reducing the symptoms of cancer. Chemotherapy is a conventional method of treating cancer using drugs.  These chemotherapeutic drugs will obliterate and demolish cancer cells by obstructing and slowing down the development and duplication of the cancer cells.  Some chemotherapeutic drugs are Accutane, Mesnex, and PROCRIT. Chemoembolization is another alternative trea...

What is cancer? We all should know about this fatal disease condition.  Most people die after some months or years once cancer affects them.  It affects all sort of social level people. So we must know about cancer. Cancer is a deadly disease, and what will it do for a patient who is affected with it? And how can we define cancer and how it develops? We should understand these questions first to know well about cancer.  Cancer is not a single disease condition like cough or fever, but cancer is of different types somewhat approximately 100 in number.  Will it affect any particular organ or system in our body? No.  It will affect more or less all body organs and systems.  Even the delicate organs like eyes and heart can even be affected by cancer when it spreads to those organs. In total cancer is a fatal disease condition of affecting overall body cells when it affects a patient. As there are 100 more types of cancerous conditions that affect our body,...

In this lesson, we will learn about important musculoskeletal system combining forms. All combining forms are very important to understand the medical terminology well.  As a medical transcription learner, you must know the meaning of all the system combining forms to do the live files once you promoted into production.  Every learner should have one good medical dictionary to know the meaning of each terminology crosschecked.  Each medical word is a combination of one or more combining forms bridging vowel in general the letter 'O' and a suffix or the word end.  In this way, every trainee should try to split each medical word and understand it. 1.   Calc/o means calcium.   Hypocalemia means a disease condition of less calcium in the bones.   Hypercalcemia means an abnormal condition of more calcium in the bones. 2.   Calci/o means calcium.   Decalcification is an abnormal condition of loss of calcium in the bones. 3.   Kyp...

In this post we are going to learn about more important musculoskeletal system vocabularies.  You should try to use a medical dictionary to know more about each of these words using diagrams.  This will make your learning process better to create an inner picture of each of these terms inside you permanently.  This will give you more proficiency of medical terms and this will help you to transcribe easily when a dictator dictates these terms in his live file when you start transcription file for training or for job.  This is my own experience.  Please try it out.   1.  Fossa:  Shallow hole or cavity like opening in a bone. 2.  Haversian canals:  Minute or tiny openings packed with blood vessels found in compact bone. 3.  Malleolus:  Ring-shaped processes on both faces of the ankle joint. 4.  Mastoid process:  Spherical and round-shaped protrusion or bulge on the temporal bone at the back of the ...

We are learning lucrative American medical transcription course freely here in this blog.  We have crossed three systems yet and we are also going to learn all the other six systems of medical terminologies, anatomy, and physiology, and disease conditions, symptoms and signs one by one later from today onwards.  This post explains about musculoskeletal system vocabularies in one or two line format explanation, no way, this subject should be taught in this way only.  You may use any medical dictionary available online for free or any other good one to know more about these explanations in it. 1.  Fontanelle:  This is a soft spot present between the cranial or skull bones of an infant.  This soft spot is due to incomplete formation of bones in the cranium. 2.  Fissure:  This is an opening between bones.  This opening is a narrow opening. 3.  Facial bones:  These are the bones of the face.  The names of the facial bones ...

Now we will see about important musculoskeletal system vocabularies: 1.  Acromion – This is the outward extension of the shoulder bone.  Acromion creates the shoulder tip. 2.  Calcium – The important and major mineral element of the bones. 3.  Cranial bones – The another name for cranial bones are skull bones.  Temporal bone, sphenoid bone, parietal bone, occipital bone, frontal bone, and ethmoid bone are the names of the skull bones. 4.  Articular cartilage – These are the ends of long bones made up of a thin layer of cartilage. 5.  Cancellous bone – This is a porous and trabecular tissue of bones. Cancellous bone is spongy in structure. 6.  Cartilage tissue – This is a flexible and chewy connective tissue.  Cartilage tissue is found on joint surfaces.  This is also found in the embryonic skeleton. 7.  Condyle – This is a knuckle like process.  This structure is present at the end of a bone near t...