URINARY SYSTEM INFORMATION- CLINICAL COURSES-2-LESSON 88

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MRI or magnetic resonance imaging: The images of the retroperitoneal and pelvic regions of a patient is taken by lying the patient in a cylindrical MRI appliance. Protons are the kind of images taken by this machine when the internal organs moving. The images can be taken in all the three planes of the body such as sagittal, transverse, and frontal. 9. Ultrasonography: Sound waves are used to find the abnormalities in the kidneys such as tumors, size of the kidneys, hydronephrosis, polycystic kidneys or any obstructions can be found out using this. 10. Dialysis: Waste materials are filtered out using a machine when the kidney are no more working. Dialysis are of two types. They are of Hemodialysis and Peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis is a filtering of the patient's blood by sending the waste material filled blood into a dialysis machine and filtered out and then the blood is send back to the patient's body. Peritoneal dialysis is done by using a peritoneal catheter by introducing a fluid into the peritoneal cavity. The wastes are then passed into the fluid. The fluid is then removed by the catheter tube. Intermittent Peritoneal Dialysis or IPD is done by the patient him or herself continuously using an artificial support. This method is also called continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis or CAPD.

Cystoscopy: This is the visual examination of the urinary bladder using an instrument called cystoscope. The bladder mucosa is examined by inserting a empty tube into the bladder via urethra and a light source, lenses, mirrors are used to do this procedure. A wide-angle view of the bladder is obtained using a method called panendoscope.

ESWL or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: Kidney stones are mashed using this method by passing shock waves and the stones are crushed into a little fragments. The shock waves are passed into the body from the outside of the body i.e. extracorporeally.

Renal transplantation: When both kidneys of a patient is failed then a kidney from another person can be transplanted to that patient. This transplanted kidney can be obtained from an identical twin of that patient and this is called isograft. If the kidney is obtained from other persons that is called allograft.

Renal biopsy: Live tissue from the kidney is taken out using a needle via the skin after the patient was given anesthesia. This biopsy sample of the kidney is used for microscopic visual examination of the cells. This test is done by a pathologist. Fluoroscopy or ultrasonography equipment is attached to the biopsy needle and inserted via the skin to the kidney.

In the next lesson we will see about important urinary system abbreviations. OK.

Come on…

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