DISEASES OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT-LESSON 66
1. Achalasia- Malfunction of lower esophageal sphincter muscles fail to relax referring especially to visceral openings such as the pylorus, cardia, or any other sphincter muscles. Due to this condition peristaltic function of the esophagus fails and food cannot pass through the esophagus. A plain diet, which is low in bulk and the expansion of the lower esophageal sphincter or ELS are the curative measures of this symptom.
2. Anal fistula- This is an abnormal tube-like duct near the anus connects with the rectum. An anal fissure is a narrow cut in the anal wall.
3. Colonic polyposis- Occurrence of numerous polyps i.e. small growths from the mucous membrane of the colon.
4. Colorectal cancer- Carcinoma of the colon and rectum or of both. This disease condition may happen due to the beef diet, which is not cooked well, and the entry of the bacteria from that diet in the colon that increases the level of fatty acids and bile in the blood. These are the factors or carcinogens of this cancer. The treatment for this cancer is chemotherapy and radiation depends on the extent of spread of disease.
5. Crohn’s disease (regional enteritis)- chronic inflammation of the intestines of unknown cause including the terminal ileum and less frequently other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. This is described by patchy deep ulcers that may cause fistulas, and narrowing and thickening of the bowel by fibrosis and lymphocytic infiltration, with noncaseating tuberculoid granulomas, and these also may be found in regional lymph nodes. The symptoms of Crohn’s disease include fever, diarrhea, cramping abdominal pain, and weight loss.
6. Diverticula- The pouches or sacs opening from a tubular or saccular organ, such as the gut or bladder in the intestinal wall.
7. Dysentery- Inflamed instestines with severe pain. The bacteria named salmonellae or shigellae, or amebae from the ingested food or water are the causes of this disease condition. Due to the any of the above factors generally colon gets inflamed, and so colitis, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps happen.
8. Esophageal varices- Swollen and twisted longitudinal venous varices at the distal end of the esophagus as a result of portal hypertension. They are superficial and accountable to ulceration and massive bleeding.
9. Hemorrhoids (piles)- Varices that is swollen and twisted varicose condition of the external hemorrhoidal veins causing sore swellings at the rectal area.
10. Hernia (rupture)- Overhanging of a part or structure through the muscle tissues generally containing it. A hiatal hernia is a hernia in which the upper portion of the abdomen through the esophageal notch of the diaphragm. An inguinal hernia happens when a small sphere of the bowel projects through a tired place in the lower abdominal muscle wall that is groin.
11. Ileus- Involuntary, vibrant, or inactive obstruction of the bowel; may be accompanies by severe colicky pain, abdominal distention, vomiting, absence of passage of stool, and often fever and dehydration. The cause of this condition probably be a tumor, absence of peristalsis, heavy lifting or coughing.
12. Intussusception- telescoping of the intestines. This state of intestines happens in general in children in common in ileocecal region. Anastomosis is the procedure done to cure this condition.
13. Irritable bowel syndrome- This abnormality is a combination of a group of symptoms such as diarrhea and constipation, lower abdominal pain with bloating accompanied with stress and tension. This condition is also called spastic colon. Treatment for this condition is probably psychotherapy by which the stress is managed with medications such as bulk-forming laxatives and antidiarrheals to relieve the symptoms. A high fiber and bran would make the stools soft and regular bowel movements get established.
14. Ulcer or erosion (ulcus)- A cut through the skin or a mucous membrane resulting from damage of tissue, usually with swelling and redness. Gastric or duodenal ulcers are examples. The combination of bacteria, more hydrochloric acid, and pepsin, a gastric juice damage the epithelial lines of intestines and form lesions called peptic ulcers. The source of the duodenal ulcer is believed to be by the bacteria called Helicobacter pylori or in short H. pylori.
15. Ulcerative colitis- This is chronic disease in nature. The cause is unknown. This gives ulceration both colon and rectum resulting in rectal bleeding, mucosal crypt abscesses, inflammatory pseudopolyps, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Often anemia, hypoproteinemia, and electrolyte imbalance will be the signs, and is less frequently complicated by peritonitis, toxic megacolon, or carcinoma of the colon.
16. Volvulus- Twisting of the intestine making barriers. If not treated in time may effect in vascular compromise of the involved intestine.
2. Anal fistula- This is an abnormal tube-like duct near the anus connects with the rectum. An anal fissure is a narrow cut in the anal wall.
3. Colonic polyposis- Occurrence of numerous polyps i.e. small growths from the mucous membrane of the colon.
4. Colorectal cancer- Carcinoma of the colon and rectum or of both. This disease condition may happen due to the beef diet, which is not cooked well, and the entry of the bacteria from that diet in the colon that increases the level of fatty acids and bile in the blood. These are the factors or carcinogens of this cancer. The treatment for this cancer is chemotherapy and radiation depends on the extent of spread of disease.
5. Crohn’s disease (regional enteritis)- chronic inflammation of the intestines of unknown cause including the terminal ileum and less frequently other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. This is described by patchy deep ulcers that may cause fistulas, and narrowing and thickening of the bowel by fibrosis and lymphocytic infiltration, with noncaseating tuberculoid granulomas, and these also may be found in regional lymph nodes. The symptoms of Crohn’s disease include fever, diarrhea, cramping abdominal pain, and weight loss.
6. Diverticula- The pouches or sacs opening from a tubular or saccular organ, such as the gut or bladder in the intestinal wall.
7. Dysentery- Inflamed instestines with severe pain. The bacteria named salmonellae or shigellae, or amebae from the ingested food or water are the causes of this disease condition. Due to the any of the above factors generally colon gets inflamed, and so colitis, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps happen.
8. Esophageal varices- Swollen and twisted longitudinal venous varices at the distal end of the esophagus as a result of portal hypertension. They are superficial and accountable to ulceration and massive bleeding.
9. Hemorrhoids (piles)- Varices that is swollen and twisted varicose condition of the external hemorrhoidal veins causing sore swellings at the rectal area.
10. Hernia (rupture)- Overhanging of a part or structure through the muscle tissues generally containing it. A hiatal hernia is a hernia in which the upper portion of the abdomen through the esophageal notch of the diaphragm. An inguinal hernia happens when a small sphere of the bowel projects through a tired place in the lower abdominal muscle wall that is groin.
11. Ileus- Involuntary, vibrant, or inactive obstruction of the bowel; may be accompanies by severe colicky pain, abdominal distention, vomiting, absence of passage of stool, and often fever and dehydration. The cause of this condition probably be a tumor, absence of peristalsis, heavy lifting or coughing.
12. Intussusception- telescoping of the intestines. This state of intestines happens in general in children in common in ileocecal region. Anastomosis is the procedure done to cure this condition.
13. Irritable bowel syndrome- This abnormality is a combination of a group of symptoms such as diarrhea and constipation, lower abdominal pain with bloating accompanied with stress and tension. This condition is also called spastic colon. Treatment for this condition is probably psychotherapy by which the stress is managed with medications such as bulk-forming laxatives and antidiarrheals to relieve the symptoms. A high fiber and bran would make the stools soft and regular bowel movements get established.
14. Ulcer or erosion (ulcus)- A cut through the skin or a mucous membrane resulting from damage of tissue, usually with swelling and redness. Gastric or duodenal ulcers are examples. The combination of bacteria, more hydrochloric acid, and pepsin, a gastric juice damage the epithelial lines of intestines and form lesions called peptic ulcers. The source of the duodenal ulcer is believed to be by the bacteria called Helicobacter pylori or in short H. pylori.
15. Ulcerative colitis- This is chronic disease in nature. The cause is unknown. This gives ulceration both colon and rectum resulting in rectal bleeding, mucosal crypt abscesses, inflammatory pseudopolyps, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Often anemia, hypoproteinemia, and electrolyte imbalance will be the signs, and is less frequently complicated by peritonitis, toxic megacolon, or carcinoma of the colon.
16. Volvulus- Twisting of the intestine making barriers. If not treated in time may effect in vascular compromise of the involved intestine.
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