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In this lesson we are going to learn about what are important test related to gastrointestinal system. About these tests, as a medical transcription learner one must know. These lesson consists of STOOL ANALYSES TESTS and LIVER FUNCTION TESTS. We will see about one by one in detail now. STOOL ANALYSES:   Whenever one gets infected to a disease in the gastrointestinal tract, stool or feces culture is essential to analyze the stool to know about the disease condition. There are two tests are commonly used to analyze stool. They are 1. Hemoccult test or stool guaiac test. 2. Culture of the stool. 1. Hemoccult or stool guaiac test: This test is used to find out the hidden blood cells especially hemoglobin in the stool and its peroxidase action on the stool. This test is an important show test to find out cancer in the colon. For this test guaiac is a chemical essence or resin extracted from trees is supplemented with the stool. Guaiac reacts with the hidden red blood cells i...

1. Bucc/o means cheek or gena. Buccal is pertaining to cheek. 2. Cec/o means cecum or the first part of the large intestine. Cecal hernia is the hernia of the cecum. 3. Celi/o means abdomen. Celiac artery is the artery in the abdomen. 4. Chol/e means bile. Cholecyst is the another name for gallbladder. 5. Cheil/o means lip. Cheilophagia is the abnormal condition of biting of the lips. 6. Cholangi/o means bile duct. Cholangiography is the radiographic examination of the bile ducts. 7. Choledoch/o means common bile duct. Choledochojejunostomy is the creation of a direct communication between the common bile duct and the jejunum by a surgical procedure. 8. Col/o means colon or large intestine. Colocentesis is the surgical puncture of the colon to relieve distention. 9. Colon/o means colon. Colonogram is the visual examination of the colon. 10. Duoden/o means duodenum or the first part of the small intestine. Duodenocholangitis is the inflammation of the duodenum and common...

1. –emesis means vomiting in the combining form used as suffix. Hematemesis means vomiting of blood. 2. –ectasis, -ectasia both mean dilation that is stretching of a blood vessel. Bronchiectasis means dilation of blood tubes. Keratoectasia means bulging forward of the cornea. 3. –lysis means breakdown or destruction. Hemolysis is the destruction or breakdown of blood cells. 4. –phagia means eating or swallowing. Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing. Polyphagia is excessive eating. 4. –pepsia means digestion. Dyspepsia means gastric indigestion that is difficulty in digestion. 5. –plasty means molding that is a surgical procedure. Gastroplasty is the surgical repair of the stomach. Rhinoplasty is the surgical repair of the nose. 6. –ptosis means sinking down or prolapse or sagging of an organ. Blepharoptosis is the sagging of the upper eyelid. 7. –ptysis means expectoration or spitting. Hemoptysis is the spitting of the blood from the lungs. 8. –rrhea means flowing or ...

1. Cirrhosis- This is an end-stage liver disease described by diffuse damage to hepatic parenchymal cells. This makes nodular regeneration, fibrosis, and disturbance of normal architecture. Cirrhosis is associated with failure in the function of hepatic cells and interference with blood flow in the liver, and often resulting in jaundice, portal hypertension, ascites, and ultimately biochemical and functional signs of hepatic failure. 2. Gallstones (biliary calculus or cholelith)- A collection of bile in the gallbladder or a bile duct and becomes hard to create gallstones. A gallstone is composed mainly of a mixture of cholesterol, calcium bilirubinate, and calcium carbonate, sometimes as an unmixed stone composed of just one of these substances. 3. Pancreatitis- Inflammation of the pancreas. The etiology of this disease is unknown. Alcoholism or gallstones or trauma in the abdomen or drugs may develop inflammation in the pancreas. Gastric juices too attack tissues of the pancre...

1. Achalasia- Malfunction of lower esophageal sphincter muscles fail to relax referring especially to visceral openings such as the pylorus, cardia, or any other sphincter muscles. Due to this condition peristaltic function of the esophagus fails and food cannot pass through the esophagus. A plain diet, which is low in bulk and the expansion of the lower esophageal sphincter or ELS are the curative measures of this symptom. 2. Anal fistula- This is an abnormal tube-like duct near the anus connects with the rectum. An anal fissure is a narrow cut in the anal wall. 3. Colonic polyposis- Occurrence of numerous polyps i.e. small growths from the mucous membrane of the colon. 4. Colorectal cancer- Carcinoma of the colon and rectum or of both. This disease condition may happen due to the beef diet, which is not cooked well, and the entry of the bacteria from that diet in the colon that increases the level of fatty acids and bile in the blood. These are the factors or carcinogens of...

1. Aphthous stomatitis (aphtha)- Idiopathic or cause unknown oral ulcers of small in size due to inflammation with formation of a gray exudate. This condition is also called canker sores. Aphth/o means ulcer. 2. Dental caries- Tooth decomposition or tooth decay. a localized, increasingly damaging disease of the teeth which starts at the external surface (usually the enamel) with the obvious termination of the inorganic components by organic acids that are produced in immediate nearness to the tooth by the enzymatic action of masses of microorganisms (in the bacterial plaque) on carbohydrates. 3. Herpetic stomatitis- Inflammation of the gums, lips, palate, and tongue i.e. whole mouth by the herpesvirus. 4. Oral leukoplakia (smoker’s patches)- A white patch of oral or female genital mucous membrane that cannot be cleaned off and cannot be diagnosed clinically as any particular disease. This is a precancerous state. The etiological factors are chronic alcohol and tobacco use. 5...

NOTE:  1. Etiology means the cause of the disease and the treatment for that disease. Eti/o means cause. 2. Idiopathic means the cause of the disease is not known or not be understood. Idi/o means not known. GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS: 1. Ascites- Collection of watery serous fluids abnormally in the stomach. May be due to this sometimes the accumulated fluid leaks out of the bloodstream and gathers in the peritoneal cavity. This can be the symptoms of inflammatory disorder or neoplasm of the abdomen, venous hypertension caused by cirrhosis, and heart failure. 2. Anorexia- Lessened need to eat i.e. less appetite (-orexia means appetite). This is may be the sign of liver disease or growth of abnormal cells called malignancy. Anorexia nervosa is the disease condition in which less appetite is caused due to emotional difficulties such as worries, nervousness, and anger. 3. Achlorhydria- Abnormal condition of lack of gastric juice or hydrochloric acid in the abdomen. 4. Co...

1. Amyl/o means starch-amylase is the enzyme digests starch. 2. Bil/i means bile or gall-bilary is pertaining to bile. Biliary tract consists of liver and gallbladder and the hepatic duct, cystic duct, and the common bile duct that secrete and empty the bile into the duodenum. 3. Bilirubin/o means bilirubin or bile pigment-hyperbilirubinemia is the excessive secretion of bilirubin in the blood. 4. Chol/e means gall or bile-cholelithiasis is the abnormal condition of stone in the bile. 5. Gluc/o means sugar or glucose-glucolysis the process of converting the stored glucose into energy. 6. Glycogen/o means glycogen or animal-glycogenolysis is the breaking down of glycogen. 7. Lith/o means stone-cholecystolithiasis is the abnormal condition of stone in the gallbladder. 8. Lip/o means fat-lipoma is the benign neoplasm of fat tissue consists of mature fat cells. 9. Sial/o means saliva or salivary-sialolith is the stone in the salivary glands. 10. Steat/o means fat-steato...

1. Append/o means appendix-appendectomy is the surgical removal of the appendix. 2. An/o means anus-the opening between buttock cheeks by which the feces are excreted. Perianal means around the anus. 3. Bucc/o means cheek-the lateral of the mouth forms the side of the face. Buccal mucosa is the mucous area in the cheek. 4. Celi/o means abdomen or belly-celiac means concerning to abdomen. 5. Cheil/o means lips-cheilosis is the abnormal condition of lips. 6. Choledoch/o means common bile duct-choledochotomy is the incision of common bile duct. 7. Cholecyst/o means common gallbladder-cholecystectomy is surgical removal of gallbladder. 8. Col/o means large intestine or colon-colostomy is the opening in the colon. 9. Colon/o means colon-colonic means concerning to colon. Colonoscopy is the viewing process of the colon. 10. Dent/i means tooth dentibuccal means concerning to the teeth and cheek. 11. Duoden/o means duodenum. Duodenal is concerning to duodenum. 12. Esop...

1. Palate- The roof between the nasal and oral cavities in the mouth, those are of muscular (soft palate) and bony (hard palate) in structure. 2. Pancreas-this organ situated beneath the stomach, which produces insulin to convey of glucose into cells and the enzymes essential for the digestion This gland is of both exocrine and endocrine in nature. The exocrine division produces pancreatic juice, and the endocrine division produces insulin and glucagon. 3. Papillae- small nipple-like processes on top of the tongue. The small risings from the tongue. 4. Peristalsis- The alternate wave-like movement of the intestines making contractions and relaxations so that the contents of food are forced forward 5. Pharynx- Long drawn out portion of the digestive tube amid the esophagus under the mouth and nasal cavities called throat. This is the common tube for food from the mouth and air from the nose. 6. Pulp- Soft, soggy, sound solid tissue within a teeth, which contains blood vess...

1. Emulsification-large fat molecular globules break up into smaller molecular globules. This increases the surface area of the fat and then fat is digested by the enzymes. 2. Enzyme- A protein that speeds up a reaction between chemical substances as a catalyst to induce chemical changes in other substances, itself remaining apparently unchanged by the process. 3. Esophagus- The portion of the digestive canal between the pharynx and stomach. It is about 25 cm long and consists of three parts: the cervical part, from the cricoid cartilage to the thoracic inlet; the thoracic part, from the thoracic inlet to the diaphragm; and the abdominal part, below the diaphragm to the cardiac opening of the stomach. 4. Feces- bowel discharge while defecation or excretion, they are solid wastes called stools consist of food residues, epithelium, mucus of the intestines, waste food materials, and bacteria. 5. Fatty acids- the acids developed during fat digestion called hydrolysis. These aci...

1. Anus- The lower opening of the digestive tract, lying in the cleft between the buttocks, through which fecal matter is extruded. 2. Amylase- One of a group of hydrolyzing enzymes that cleave starch, glycogen secreted by the pancreas. 3. Amino Acids- acids containing ammonium digest protein and are the building material of proteins. 4. Appendix- A wormlike intestinal diverticulum extending from the blind end of the cecum; it varies in length and ends in a blind extremity. (ap-means on, pend/o means hanging). 5. Alimentary canal-food canal i.e. gastrointestinal tract. Alimentum means nourishment. 6. Absorption-Taking in of food through the intestinal walls and then absorption of it into the bloodstream. 7. Bowel- Intestine 8. Bilirubin- A yellow bile pigment found as sodium bilirubinate (soluble), or as an insoluble calcium salt in gallstones; formed from hemoglobin during normal and abnormal destruction of erythrocytes by the reticuloendothelial system; a bilin with...