Cell and its Function - Medical Transcription - Lesson 8a

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The fundamental unit of every animal or plant is cells. Combination of cells is called TISSUES. Every ORGAN in the body is made up of combination of many tissues.

SAMENESS OF THE CELLS: All cells are same and they contain a gelatinous substance made up of or composed of water, protein, acids, fats, and various minerals. See the figure-1 and 2, to know the cell and its structures photographically.Now we see each and every part of the cell one by one.

1. CELL MEMBRANE: Cell membrane protects the cell and surrounds it that passes into and out of the cell.

2. NUCLEUS: The nucleus controls the structure of the cell. Cell reproduction process is directed by the nucleus only and which determines the function of the cell and the structure of the cell.

3. CHROMOSOMES: These are rod-like structures inside the cell. Human body cells (other than sex cells, the egg, and sperm cells) contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. Sex cells, such as sperm and egg cells have 23 single chromosomes only. When one egg cell unites with a sperm cell to for an embryo, then the embryonic cell has 46 chromosomes i.e. 23 pairs...understand the difference...Chromosomes contains the regions called GENES. Thousands of genes are in an orderly sequency on each chromosome. Gene is made up of a chemical substance called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA is an important compound that regulates the activities of the cell in a sequential order on each chromosome. The DNA is a series of codes. When DNA activity carries out of the nucleus to other parts of the cell, the activities of the cell i.e. cellular reproduction and the manufacture of proteins are controlled by DNA.

Chromosomes in the nucleus can be analyzed to look at their arrangement, size, and number by doing a KARYOTYPE. Karyotyping of chromosomes is important in determining whether chromosomes are normal in number and structure. Karyotyping will be done by doctors by puncturing the sac around the fetus when one woman is pregnant through amniocentesis. Abnormal numbers of chromosomes may cause some serious conditions like Down syndrome (mongolism) and trisomy-21 syndrome.

4. CYTOPLASM: It means cyto means cell, plasm means formation. Cytoplasm carries the work of a cell i.e. nerve cell conducts stimulation, muscle cell contracts. Cytoplasm contains MITOCHODRIA and ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

5. MITOCHONDRIA: It is called power center of the cell. This is small and sausage-shaped bodies produce energy by burning food in the presence of oxygen. This process is called catabolism (cata-down, bol-to cast, -ism-process). This process makes complex food particles into simpler substances and energy is released after this action to do the work of the cell.

6. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: These like canal-like structures-this is a network within the cell. These canals contain a very small structures called RIBOSOMES like a tunnel system in this proteins are produced for the use of the cell. This process is called ANABOLISM (ana-up, bol-to cast, -ism-process). After this process, complex proteins are made up from the simpler parts of food. Smaller proteins linked like a chain to become complex proteins in this process.Both these catabolism and anabolism in combination is called METABOLISM (meta-change, bol-to cast, -ism- process) i.e total chemical activities that occuring in a cell. In this process, the sugars and fat in the food are used up and burned quickly and so the ENERGY is released.

In the next lesson we will discuss about why we have different kinds of cells in our body?..ok

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