Use of Gerunds in English Grammar

Use of Gerunds in English Grammar is the content of this lesson.  We learned about superlatives in the last lesson. That is in conversation of simple sentences, we use the parts of a sentence in a manner subject-Auxiliary-Verb. This can be of any tense either of the 16 tenses. Let us see the following more examples on this infinitives. 

1. I am going 'to see' my aunt at 4 a.m. (Present Continuous)

2. Mrs. Sekar is fast 'to catch' her train. (Present)

3. Jil ran 'to escape' from his assailant. (simple past)

4. Anjali was present in the class 'to give' her attendance. (past)

5. Pooma was delighted 'to capture' the intruder. (past)

6. I am here 'to talk' to the Maths teacher. (present)

7. The students will arrive here soon 'to appear' for the interview. (future)

8. The drama participants will be coming now 'to eat' their dinner. (future continuous)

9. The post man has been waiting here for 30 minutes 'to deliver' the M.O. to you. (present perfect continuous)

10. Why hadn't you told the receptionist 'to wait' for my return? (past perfect)

11. The parents had been advising the children not 'to tell' lies with anyone. (past perfect continuous)

12. His father will have left the house by now 'to fly' to Switzerland. (future perfect)

13. John will have been running at best for two hours 'to reach' my office. (future perfect continous)

14. He should have spoken in a different tone 'to calm' down his room mate. (future in the past)

15. The Vice Principal ought not to have been holding that honorary post 'to satisfy' his own ego. (future in the past continuous)

Let us also see some examples regarding some emphatic questions.

1. I do stand first in Mathematics every year. (emphatic)

2. I stand first in Mathematics every year. (normal)

3. Luis does fight with his brother almost daily. (emphatic)

4. Luis fights with his brother almost daily. (normal)

These are in the simple present tense forms.

1. The lecturer did advise me against copying from other papers. (emphatic)

2. The lecturer advised me against copying form other papers. (normal)

In the next post we learn some more about infinitives. Learn Free Medical Transcription Course Blog.

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Superlative Degree and Infinitive

Therefore we came to the conclusion that we use the superlatives in answers to any kind of general or specific questions. Let us know the way how to identify a particular person or thing out of so many which are in the top position? In some cases we use the expression "one of the" before the superlative and we also use the noun in plural after the superlative adjective, i.e., "students", "posts". Some of the examples are:

1. Hazel is one of the best students in our school.

2. Isn't Tennyson one of the greatest poets that ever lived?

3. M.F.Hussain was not the greatest of all painters but one was one of the greatest painter.

4. Russia is one of the most technological country in the world.

5. One of the best singers of the team arrives today.

6. None of the most perfect disciples was ready to preach to the people in this city.

6. Isn't lemon one of the best fruits we saw in our country?

7. This is one of the most expensive car in the market.

8. Wasn't Ranasingh one of the most successful bowlers in the last foreign tour?

Then upto this portion, we studied about degrees of comparision. Now let us study about infinitives. Then what is an infinitive? 

An infinitive is a simple sentence which can have more than one verb but that verb must be in a a modified form. If we use the preposition "to" before any present form of verb, the combination is known as infinitive. 

Infinitive Verb: An infinitive verb must always come after the first verb. In other words, an infinitive will always be the second verb in a sentence.

Some sentences may have two infinitive verbs as shown in the following example:

1."Uncle Jim lives in my house to help, to guide my school going kid".

Two infinitive verbs may be joined by the conjunction, 'and' like this:  "The king led his troops to conquer and to annex the nearby country".

In the next post we learn some more about infinitives.  Learn Free Medical Transcription Course Blog.

Comparison of Adjectives

In the recent post you have seen that three kinds of adjectives usage. Now in this post we would learn further information about the degrees of comparison.

Then how and when to use the Comparative degree? The comparative degree is used whenever the quality is expressed which is superior to positive degrees. We note that the value of two qualities, one will overcome the other in some way. Inorder to express the difference in the quality, this comparative degree is used. A comparative my work like positive in its job as an adjective. Hence we describe it as a noun, and we must place it just to the left of a noun.  For Example: 1. Rita is a prettier girl than Dancy. In this example we have used the comparative degree - PRETTIER - followed by the word 'than'. We must use 'than' in sentences of comparative degree or otherwise the sentence is wrong. Here in the above example we have compared Dancy with Rita or Rita with Dancy. We have given result positively about Rita.
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If we write the above sentence as "Rita is prettier than Dancy", the sentence will be wrong because "Prettier"  is not describing any noun. Thus "prettier" would turn out to be an Adverb and not an Adjective. Hence we used as a noun after the comparative.

Example 2. Lusy is a sweeter person than her sister is.

Example 3. This candle is longer one than that candle is.

In the above examples we often compare one thing with another, one person with another, and in this comparision will always result that one is better than the other. Whenever we talk of two situations, discuss two persons or two things, we always end up in comaparision. In the above two sentences which are complex sentences because "than" is acting as a conjuction. Like in the above examples we should remember than an auxiliary and verb are very much present in the second sentence.

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In the next post we would learn some more about this "comparative degree".  We are studying Free Medical Transcription Course in this blog.

Degrees of Comparison in English Grammar

In the last lesson this post we would learn the remaining portion of adjective.  This posts explains about Degrees of Comparison.  We are learning Medical Transcription Course for Free here.

Degrees of Adjectives: The adjectives which we are using in simple are said to be in positive degree. There are two more degrees. They are comparative degree and superlative degree. In most of the comparative degrees we add the letters er, ier to the positive degree and for the superlative degrees we add the letters est, iest to the positive degree. For adjectives of multi syllables or long words, we add more (or less) for the comparatives and most (or least) for superlatives like this,

Let us see some of the words and their degrees of comparison.

SL.NO POSITIVE                       COMPARATIVE                        SUPERLATIVE

1.          Sweet                                Sweeter                                       Sweetest

2.           Happy                              Happier                                       Happiest

3.           Brave                               Braver                                         Bravest

4.           Long                                Longer                                         Longest

5.           Sad                                  Sadder                                          Saddest

6.           Hot                                  Hotter                                           Hottest

7.           Young                             Younger                                       Youngest

8.           Wealthy                           Wealthier                                     Wealthiest

9.           Great                                Greater                                         Greatest

10.         Abnormal                        More abnormal                             Most abnormal

11.         Cheerful                          More cheerful                                Most cheerful

12.         Favourable                      More favourable                            Most favourable

13.         Negligent                        More negligent                              Most negligent

14.         Useful                             More useful                                    Most useful

15.         Unfortunate                     More unfortunate                           Most unfortunate

16.         Troublesome                   More troublesome                          Most troublesome

17.         Useful                             More useful                                     Most useful

18.         Expensive                       More expensive                               Most expensive

19.         Expensive                       Less expensive                               Least expensive

20.         Impressive                       Less impressive                             Least impressive

21.         Colourful                        Less colourful                                 Least colourful

But for some of the adjectives, the comparatives and superlatives ar totally different words with different spellings and without any relationship to the positive degree. Such adjectives are only a few.

Sl. No.              Positive                         Comparative                       Superlative

1.                      Good                              Better                                 Best

2.                      Bad, Evil, Ill                  Worse                                 Worst

3.                      Little                              Less, Lesser                        Least

4.                      Far                                 Farther                                 Farthest

5.                      Much                             More                                    Most

6.                      Many                             More                                    Most

Every adjective can be written into three categories.  The next article will explain more about Comparative Degree.

Past Perfect Conditional Statements

Prior Lesson

In this post we come to learn about ‘past perfect conditional statements’ and usage of ‘unless’ in conditional statements.  We use the ‘past perfect conditional statements’ only for past tense cases. In one past of the sentence we use ‘future in the past’ auxiliaries like would, have, ought to have, etc., and any past perfect or past perfect continuous form of verb in the other as shown in the following examples. 

1. Wouldn’t I have gone to the spot if you had told me earlier?

2. If the teacher had not guided me, I couldn’t have come in this position.

3. The doctor might not have stumbled upon this medicine if his patients had not been complaining about the ever increasing temperature.

4. The actors ought to have reported for shooting early this morning if the film Director had been reminding them about it for 2 days.

5. I could have killed that snake if I had had a stick in my hand.

6. You could have borrowed your friend’s notes if you had not attended relished it.

7. I must have put too much of salt in the fish curry if the guests had not relished it.

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Use of ‘unless’ in conditional statements.

‘Unless’ is equal to ‘if not’. Unless has a negative meaning.

Here are some of the examples:

1. Couldn’t you go to the practice classes regularly unless you were sick.

2. I shall go to the practice class unless I am sick.

3. I will spoil the pudding unless you stop your adverse criticism.

4. You should not play outside unless there was good sun-shine.

5. You would not come first in the class unless you had prepared well.

6. The crowd ought to have kept quiet unless they had disliked the speakers.

In the next post we would learn about ‘usage of never in a sentence’.

Past Conditional Statements

Now in this post we would learn about ‘past conditional statements’.  The auxiliaries like would, should, could or might is used in one part of the complex sentence and any past or continuous form of verb including auxiliary cum verb or past perfect form, in the other. But, in the meanwhile the tense of the statement remains in present time. Let us study the following examples from the view of the period of the time of the statement:

1. Would you help my daughter in her studies? (simple present tense)

2. I would help him if he asked me.

3. I couldn’t help her if she did not ask for it.

Note: Under the present conditional statements there is no difference between the above three statements. In this case the auxiliaries used are different. Another way of determining this types of sentences are if we use a past equivalent form of auxiliary in one part of the sentence, we must use a past form of verb in the other. Yet, the entire sentence will belong to “present time”. If the verb used in one part is of present form, the auxiliary used in the other part must also belongs to the present tense. We should remember one thing that ‘will’ and ‘shall’ are also simple present tense auxiliaries used for giving orders or commands in present time.

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Now let us see the following examples:

1. Could I talk to you if I contact through your mobile number?

2. The students should not be arguing unnecessarily if they wanted the exam.

3. Nancy could withdraw her name from the dance competition if it was necessary.

4. The teacher might oblige you if you were persistent.

5. The bright students should help the weak students if the latter were asking for it, shouldn’t they?

6. Louis could not come first in the race even if she put in extra energy, might she?

7. If she felt sick, she should not attend the class.

8. The doctor would attend to the patient if he had felt very uneasy.

In the next post we would learn about ‘past perfect conditional statements’.

Conditional Statements

In the prior lesson, we have read about 'how to use 'Dare' as an auxiliary verb'.  Now, let us come to study about a new topic namely ‘conditional statements’. 

What is a Conditional Statement?

A conditional statement is a statement or an undertaking wherein we agree or obey to do a work on the fulfillment of some conditions mentioned in the statement.  The tense rules are strictly followed in this types of conditional statement also called a complex sentence. In this type of complex sentences we use all the universal auxiliaries. These conditional statements are classified into three categories mainly. They are 1. Open conditional statements 2. Past conditional statements and 3. Past perfect conditional statements  Now let us see how is this open conditional statements used in the sentences.  We are learn medical transcription lessons in this blog.

OPEN CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS: This statement is made only for simple present tense cases or instances. Here the auxiliaries that are used are CAN, MAY, SHALL, MUST, WILL or OUGHT TO in one part of the complex sentence and any present form of verb including the verbs in auxiliary forms in the other along with the conjunction as shown in the following examples.

1. Will you help my brother in his studies?

2. I shall help him if he asks me.

3. I cannot help him if he does not ask me.

4. Can I see you if I come to your office before 5 p.m.?

5. You may catch headache if you walk in this hot day.

6. You must take food if it gets hunger. Don’t take fasting.

7. They ought not to play the game if the board is not there.

8. Can’t the boy reach the ground if he runs now?

9. You must work very hard if you want to win a place in the merit list.

10. I will look after my puppy dog, if you open the door.

11. The guests ought to attend the party if others expect it.

12. He shall do this job if the doctor orders him, Shan’t he?

13. Your friend cannot solve this problem even if he tries, can she?

14. How can Patrick make it to the finals if he doesn’t try hard?

15. If I write fast, can’t I leave the classroom hall early?

Note: We should not only use the conjunction in the middle of a complex sentence. If it is very close to the meaning or appropriate then we may start the sentence with the conjunction.

In the next post we would learn about the past conditional statements.