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In this post we will learn some more pathological conditions in the Musculoskeletal system. Rheumatoid arthritis:-  This is a chronic disease in which joints become painful and inflamed. It is believed to be caused by an immune reaction and this reaction is against joint tissues and in which the small joints of the hands and feet are affected first and the larger joints later. Women are generally affected than men. Damaging the articular cartilage and stopping easy movements happen in synovial membranes which become thickened and inflamed. In some of the cases this fibrous forms of tissues calcify creating a bony ankylosis, which is the union or combination at the joint and stopping any movement at all. Swollen and painful joints associations with fever are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Blood test when taken will show the presence of rheumatoid factor of an antibody and x-rays will show persisting changes around the joints which are affected by the disease. The treatment also

In this post we will learn some suffixes and their meanings and some Pathological Conditions.      –desis means to bind or to tie together and its terminology is arthrodesis means bones are fixed across the joint space by surgery which is also called artificial ankylosis. This type of operation is conducted when a joint is very painful, chronically infected, or unstable.      –stenosis narrowing means spinal stenosis in which narrowing of the neural canal or nerve root canals in the lumbar spine. Symptoms like pain, paresthesias, urinary retention, or incontinence come from compression of the cauda equina which means nerves that spread out from the lower end of the spinal cord like a horse’s tail. Some of the Pathological conditions are:- 1. For Arthritis inflammation of joints in which some of the common forms are: a. Ankylosing spondylitis:- Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine. Bilateral sclerosis which means har

Vocabulary:      1.       Articulation means joint.  2.    Bursa means sac of fluid at a joint.  3.   Ligament means the connective tissue which binds bones to other bones; or supports and strengthens the joint.  4.   Suture joint is a type of joint in which opposed surfaces are closely united.  5.   Synovial cavity is the space between bones at a synovial joint.  6.   Synovial fluid is the viscous fluid within the synovial cavity. Synovial fluid is as same as the viscosity in egg white; or this results for the origin of the term(syn- means like, ov/o means egg).      7.   Synovial joint is a freely movable joint.  8.   Synovial membrane is the membrane lining the synovial cavity. 9.   Tendon is the connective tissue which binds muscles to bones. The Combining Forms with their meanings are listed below. 1. ankyl/o means crooked, bent stiff and its terminology is ankylosis which means a fusion of the bones across a joint space by either bony tissue (bony ankylosis) or growt