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In this lesson we will learn about more urological terminologies. 1. Azot/o means nitrogen Azotemia is the abnormal condition of nitrogen in the blood. We can find this by a test called BUN (blood urea nitrogen) test of the blood. 2. Albumin/o means albumin. Albuminemia-abnormal condition of albumin in the blood (albumin is a protein in the blood). In this condition albumin level in the blood is elevated abnormally. Albumiuria-a condition in which albumin level is elevated in an abnormal level in the urine. 3. Bacteri/o means bacteria. Bacteriuria-a condition in which more bacterias are present in the urine. It is a condition of infection. 4. Dips/o means thirst Polydipsia-unnecessary or too much thirst due to diabetes. 5. Ket/o means ketones Ketosis is a condition in which ketones are present in the urine. 5. Keton/o means ketones Ketonuria-abnormal condition of ketones in the urine. Ketoacidosis-abnormal condition of collection of acids in blood cells and tissu...

In this lesson we will learn about medical terminologist of URINARY SYSTEM. 1. Cyst/o means urinary bladder. Cystitis-inflammation of urinary bladder. Cystoscope-process of visual examination of urinary bladder Cystocele-hernia of the bladder Cystectomy-surgical excision of urinary bladder 2. Calic/o means calix Caliceal-pertaining to the calix or calyx. 3. Cali/o means calix Caliectasis-dilation of calix. 4. Glomerul/o means glomerulus Glomerular-pertaining to glomerulus. (a mass of capillaries). Meat/o means meatus or opening. Meatotomy-surgical opening of urinary meatus. Meatal stenosis-narrowing of the urinary opening. 6. Nephr/o means kidney Nephrotomography-visual examination of kidneys Nephrology-study of kidney and its diseases Nephrolithotomy-Formation of stones inside the kidney Nephrosclerosis-hardening of arteries in the kidney Nephropathy-disease condition of nephrons Nephrohypertrophy-kidney enlargement Hydronephrosis-accumulation of wat...

This post is the continuation of the lesson 76 17. Hilum-a hole in the ground part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves go into and go away. A pit in the kidney where from blood vessels exit and enter. 18. Kidney-bean-shaped organ located behind each side of left and right the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone, which is two in number and in the lumbar region (retroperitoneal area). 19. Meatus-canal or opening. 20. Micturition-act of urination (voiding) 21. Medulla-inner region of the kidney 22. Medullary-pertaining to the medulla. 23. Nitrogenous wastes-the chemical waste excreted in the urine that contains nirogen. 24. Renal pelvis-innermost compilation area of the kidney. 25. Renal artery-carrier of blood to the kidney. 26. Renal tubules-microscopic tube like structures inside the kidney where urine is created. Reabsorption also takes place here only. 27. Renal vein-carrier of blood away to the kidney. 28. Renin-a hormone secreted by kidney,...

In this lesson we will learn about the important Urinary system words and its meanings. 1. Aorta-a big blood vessel 2. Artery-asmaller branches of aorta 3. Aretriole-a smaller artery (a branch of artery) 4 Bowman's capsule-A goblet-shaped capsule enclosing each glomerulus 5. Calix or calyx (singular)-A cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis. 6. Calices-pleural word for calix or calyx 7. Catheter-a tube used for removing or injecting fluids. 8. Cortex-superficial or external region 9. Renal Cortex- superficial or external region of the kidney 10. Cortical-pertaining to the cortex 11. Creatinine-a nitrogenous waste sent out in urine i.e. devastation product of muscle metabolism. 12. Electrolyte-a chemical substance that carries electrical charge in a liquid 13. Erythropoietin-a hormone produced by the kidney to fire up the production or red blood cells (RBCs). 14. Filtration-a process of the kidney in which substances like sugars, salts, water (also...

In this lesson we will see normal composition of urine chemical composition. 1. Color of the urine: Slightly yellow or straw colored. 2. Quantity of the urine: Normally is 1000 to 1500 ml/24 hours. 3. Specific gravity of the urine: 1.008 to 1.030. 4. pH value: 5.5 to 6.5. 5. Sugar: 0.015% (total sugar per day 7.20 gm/24 hours) 6. Nitrogen and amino acids: 0.15-0.30 gm/24 hours 7. Urea: 12 gm to 35 gm in 24 hours 8. Ammonia: 0.6 gm to 1.2 gm in 24 hours 9. Creatinine: 0.8 gm to 2.0 gm in 24 hours 10. Uric acid: 0.3 gm to 0.8 gm in 24 hours 11. Hippuric acid: 0.7 gm in 24 hours 12. Chlorides: 10 gm to 15 gm in 24 hours 13. Phosphorus: 1.2 gm in 24 hours 14. Sulphur: 1 gm in 24 hours 15. Ethereal: 0.1 gm in 24 hours 16. Sodium: 2.5 gm to 4 gm in 24 hours 17. Calcium: 0.1 gm to 0.3 gm in 24 hours 18. Potassium: 1.5 gm to 2.0 gm in 24 hours 19. Magnesium: 0.1 gm to 0.2 gm In the next post we will see more about Urinary System suffixes an...

In this lesson we will see about the process of filtration of kidneys.  Kidneys manufacture urine by a process called filtration. Each microscopic glomerulus wall is thin enough to allow water, sugar, salt, urea, and other nitrogenous wastes like uric acid and creatinine to go away the bloodstream. These materials going away from each glomerulus are accumulated in a minuscule cup-like structure called Bowman's capsule, which encloses each glomerulus. The walls of the glomeruli check large substances like proteins and blood cells from filtering into the Bowman's capsules. These substances stay behind in the blood and normally do not come into view in urine. Renal tubule is a long twisted tube attached to the Bowman's capsule. These tubules are covered by tiny capillaries. When the water, sugar, urea, salts and other nitrogenous wastes pass through these renal tubules, all of the sugar and most of the water and some salts go again to the bloodstream. This process is ...

In this lesson we will learn about production of urine by urinary system.  The process of production of urine starts from the blood entry to the kidney. Blood enters into each kidney from two arteries such as the right and left renal arteries (both arteries in combination called aorta). The blood enters into the kidneys through the renal arteries through the hilum a depression inside the core of the kidney and the arteries branch into smaller and smaller arteries. The smallest arteries are called arterioles. These are situated all the way through the cortex. Blood constantly move across these small arterioles. This flow is very crucial. Kidneys have their own special device to maintain this blood flow consistently. If blood pressure falls, the flow of blood is diminished. Kidney produces a hormone called renin and released it into the blood. This hormone stimulates the narrowing or contraction of arterioles and so blood pressure increased and blood flow in the kidneys is r...

ANATOMY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM:  Urinary system anatomy organs consists of Kidneys (two), Ureters (two), Urinary Bladder, and Urethra. KIDNEYS:  Two bean-shaped organs located at the back of the abdominal cavity i.e. retroperitoneal area, which is on moreover side of the vertebral column in the lumbar region of the spine. The kidneys are fixed and set in a cushion of adipose tissue and surrounded by fibrous connective tissue for safeguard. The size of each kidney is fist-sized approximately and about 4 to 6 ounces of weight of each. The kidneys consist of an outer cortex region (cortex means outer portion or bark or a tree) and an inner medulla region (medulla means core or inner portion). Hilum is a depression in each kidney on the medial margin of the kidney through which only blood vessels and nerves pass. URETERS: Each kidney has on long about 16 to 18 cm muscular tubes lined with mucous membrane. The put across the urine in peristaltic waves from the kidney ...

In this page we will see important function of the kidneys in our body. Removal of Urine:  Simple proteins are called amino acids are broken down to form urea in the liver from ammonia. The urea thus formed is brought into the bloodstream. From the bloodstream the nitrogenous waste in the form of urea is carried to the two kidneys. The urea is passed out of the kidney with water, salts, and acids. This is called urine. Urine then passes down to the two ureters (two tube like structure from kidney) to the bladder (a sac like structure) and then to the urethra (a small opening outside the body) and then passed outside of the body. Thus the urea formed in the body is removed from the body. Electrolytes Balance:  Kidneys apart from removing urea from the blood, they also preserve the appropriate equilibrium of water, salts, and acids inside the body. Potassium, sodium, and some acids are called electrolytes. Electrolytes are the small molecules that conduct an electrical ...

We have learned so far about gastrointestinal (GI) system so far. In the coming posts we will learn about URINARY SYSTEM. Ok.  The contents of this system consists of: 1. Urinary system anatomy. 2. Urine production 3. Structure of urinary system 4. Urinalysis 5. Urinary system-Pathology (Kidneys, Bladder, and other organs) 6. Lab tests and procedures 7. Abbreviations We will see each subject one by one now…come on. URINARY SYSTEM-INTRODUCTION: FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY: How food waste particles are removed from our body? Catabolism is a process of production of energy in the cells by the combination of oxygen and food. In this process neither the food or oxygen is not devastated. As an alternative, the small particles of food and oxygen are reorganized into new mishmash. These blend of amalgamation are ravage foodstuffs (sugars and fats and proteins). Food stuffs created in our body are of two mixtures: 1. Foods with Sugars and Fats 2. Pro...

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