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There are three additional organs take part in digestion of the food are the liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas. FUNCTION OF THE LIVER: The liver is located in the right upper quadrant or RUQ of the abdomen. The liver creates an yellowish-brown colored or greenish, thick fluid named bile. Bile contains a fatty substance i.e. cholesterol, bile acids, and many bile pigments. The pigment named bilirubin is manufactured from the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver. Bile combines with bilirubin in the liver and then passes into the duodenum. This material is also excreted out from the body with feces. The bile is manufacturing continuously in the liver travels down to the gallbladder via hepatic duct and cystic duct. Gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac like structure, which is under the liver. Gallbladder collects the bile and stored inside. The bile gets concentrated in the gallbladder. The bile forced to out to the duodenum via common bile duct and pancreatic duct. The duode...

The food enters into the mouth after crossing the oral cavity first comes across the organs one by one: 1. pharynx, 2. esophagus 3. stomach 4. duodenum 5. jejunum 6. ileum 7. cecum 8. ascending colon 9. transverse colon 10. descending colon 11. sigmoid colon 12. rectum 13. anus The another three organs related to this tract are liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. We will see about each organ and its functions one be one. PHARYNX: This is of about 5-inch long, lined with mucus, and a muscular tube. The air from the nasal cavity to the trachea or windpipe and the food from the mouth to the esophagus are passing towards pharynx. When we swallow food i.e. deglutition occurs, the epiglottis, a tissue flap covers the windpipe or trachea. This prevents the food cannot enter and stay inside windpipe. ESOPHAGUS: Eso- means inward, phag/o means swallowing. Esophagus is tube of about 10-inch extending from the pharynx to the stomach. The food after enters from the pha...

ORAL CAVITY:   Anatomy and physiology of GI tract starts from mouth. Mouth is also called oral cavity. Oral cavity consists of 1. Lips 2. Teeth 3. Tongue 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate 6. Cheeks 7. Uvula 8. Tonsils 9. Gums CHEEKS AND LIPS:   The cheeks form the walls of the oval-shaped oral cavity, and the lips surround the opening to the cavity. HARD PALATE:   The hard palate forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth. Rugae are irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate. SOFT PALATE:   The soft palate is posterior to the hard palate, which is muscular in structure. Uvula is a small and soft tissue hanging from the soft palate. Uvula means little grape. Uvula is helping in producing sounds and speech. TONGUE:   In the oral cavity tongue extends across the floor of the oral cavity. It attaches in the mouth by muscles to the lower jaw. Tongue moves food around when chewing and swallowing....

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:   INTRODUCTION TO THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:  Digestive system is also called gastrointestinal system or alimentary canal. Digestive tract starts from the mouth and ends at the anus. Food enters into the body through the mouth and then enters into the intestines, after the food material absorbed, and the waste material excreted out from the anus. Travel track of food materials: Food travel starts first from mouth to pharynx to esophagus to stomach to duodenum where gallbladder, liver, and pancreas take part in the travel of the food then to jejunum to ileum to cecum to ascending colon to transverse colon to descending colon to sigmoid colon to rectum to anus. What happens to the food as travels when enters into the GI (gastrointestinal tract)? The food enters the body as a complex food material, we chewed the food, the saliva mixed with the food. The complex food material broken down into simpler material. The food material chemically and mechanically ...

ACHONDROPLASIA:  It is an inherited disorder in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size owing to a defect in both cartilage and bone. It results in a type of dwarfism characterized by short limbs, a normal-sized head and body, and normal intelligence. LAPAROSCOPY:   Laparoscopy or peritoneoscopy is a virtual examination of the peritoneal cavity (abdomen) with the use of a laparoscope. The laparoscope is inserted through an incision in the abdomen near the navel, and gas is infused into the peritoneal cavity. This procedure is used to examine the organs in the abdomen for evidence of disease or to perform surgical procedures such as biopsies and tying off of the uterine (fallopian) tubes. ARTERIOLE:   The relationship between an artery, arterioles, capillaries (tiniest of blood vessels), a venule. ADENOIDS:   The adenoids-aden/o means gland –oid means like, these resembling like glands, but they are not exocrine or endocrine glands...

Symbiosis refers to the living together in close association of two organisms, either for mutual benefit or not. The bacteria that normally live in the digestive tract of humans are an example of symbiosis. Parasitism is an example of symbiosis in which, one organism benefits and the other does not. The definition of symbiosis is in flux, and the term has been applied to a wide range of biological interactions. The symbiotic relationship may be categorized as being mutualistic, parasitic, or commensal in nature. Others define it more narrowly, as only those relationships from which both organisms benefit, in which case it would be synonymous with mutualism. Symbiotic relationships included those associations in which one organisms lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or zooxanthelles in corals). Symbiotic relationships may be either obligat...

WHAT IS SPLENOMEGALY MEANS?  The spleen is an organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen (below the diaphragm and to the side of the stomach). It is composed of lymph tissue and blood vessels. Its job is to dispose of dying red blood cells and manufacture white blood cells (lymphocytes) to fight disease. If the spleen must be removed (splenectomy) other organs carry out these functions. Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen, which usually occurs in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the human abdomen. The four most reasons for this condition are hypersplenism, and cytopenia(s), normal or hyperplastic bone marrow, and also may be the response to a splenectomy. Splenomegaly is generally associated with hemolytic anemias, which suggests that it is a response to hyperfunction. Splenomegaly is associated with any disease process that involves abnormal red blood cells being destroyed in the spleen. Other common causes include congestion due to portal hypertens...

What is symphysis meant?  A form of cartilaginous joint in which union between two bones is effected by fibrocartilage without a synovial membrane. A union, meeting point, or commissure of two structures. A growing together of bones originally separate, as of the two pubic bones. A line or junction thus formed. A pathological adhesion or growing together. A symphysis is a fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones. It is a type of cartilaginous joint. Unlike synchondroses, symphyses are permanent. The important types of symphyses are: 1. Pubic symphysis. The pubic symphysis is the midline cartilaginous joint (secondary cartilaginous) uniting the superior rami of the left and right pubic bones. It is located anterior to the urinary bladder and superior to the external genitalia; for females it is above the vulva and for males it is above the penis. In males, the suspensory ligament of the penis attaches to the pubic symphysis. In females, the pubic symphysis is in...

A transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP) is a removal of portion of the prostate, gland by means of an instrument that is passed through (trans-) the urethra. The procedure is necessary when the prostatic tissue enlarges (hypertrophics) and interferes with urination. This is a urological operation. It is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia abbreviated as BPH. As the name indicates, it is performed by visualising the prostate gland through the urethra and removing tissue by electrocautery or sharp dissection. This is considered as the most effective treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia. This procedure is done with spinal or general anesthetic. A large triple lumen catheter is inserted through the urethra to irrigate and drain the bladder after the surgical procedure is complete. Outcome is considered excellent for 80-90% of BPH patients. Risks of BPH surgey: BPH surgery is associated with bleeding risks, so TURP is not considered sa...

Diagnostic ultrasonography is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as muscles, joints, blood vessles, tendons, and internal organs using ultrasound waves that is inaudible sound waves to produce an image or photogrpah of an organ or a tissue for possible pathology or lesions. In physics the term "ultrasound" applies to all acoustic energy with a frequency above human hearing (20,000 hertz or 20 kilohertz). Typical diagnostic sonographic scanners operate in the frequency range of 2 to 18 megahertz, hundreds of times greater than the limit of human hearing. The choice of frequency is a trade-off between spatial resolution of the image and imaging depth: lower frequencies produce less resolution but image deeper into the body. Obstetric sonography is commonly used during pregnancy and is widely recognized by the public. There are a plethora of diagnostic and therapeutic applications practiced in me...

F. COMPLETE THE MEDICAL TERM FROM ITS MEANING GIVEN BELOW: 1. white blood cell: ____________________ cyte. 2. inflammation of the stomach: gastr ____________________. 3. pertaining to produced by treatment: ____________________genic. 4. study of kidneys: ____________________cyte. 5. mass of blood: ____________________oma. 6. viewing of living tissue: bi____________________. 7. red blood cell: ____________________cyte. 8. pain of nerves: neur____________________. 9. process of viewing: endo____________________. 10. inflammation of the small intestine: ____________________itis. G. MATCH THE ENGLISH TERM IN COLUMN I WITH ITS COMBINING FORM IN COLUMN II 1. kidney ____________________ psych/o 2. disease ____________________ ophthalm/o 3. eye ____________________ oste/o 4. to cut ____________________ radi/o 5. nose ____________________ path/o 6. flesh ____________________ ren/o 7. mind ____________________ radi/o 8. urinary tract ____________________ onc/o 9. bone...