CANCER GRADING AND STAGING METHODS-LESSON 107

-

Tumors are classified on the basis of their location, microscopic appearance, and extent of spread. Of particular importance are the tumor's GRADE that is the degree of maturity or differentiation under the microscope and STAGE that is the extent of spread within the body. These two properties influence the prognosis that is the chances of successful treatment and survival and determine the specific treatment to be used.

When grading a tumor, the pathologist is concerned with the microscopic appearance of the tumor cells, specifically with their degree of maturation or differentiation. Often, four grades are used. Grade I tumors are very well differentiated, so that they closely resemble the normal parent tissue of their origin. Grade IV tumors are so undifferentiated or anaplastic that even recognition of the tumor's tissue of origin may be difficult. Grade II and III are intermediate in appearance, moderately or poorly differentiated, as opposed to well differentiated that is grade I and undifferentiated grade IV.

Grading is often of value in the prognosis of certain types of cancers, such as cancer of the urinary bladder and ovary and brain tumors such as astrocytomas. Patients with grade I tumors have a high survival rate, and patients with grades II, III, and IV tumors have a poorer survival rate. Grading is also used in evaluating cells obtained from body fluids in preventive screening tests, such as Papanicolaou's or Pap smears of the uterine cervix, tracheal secretions, or stomach secretions.

The staging of cancerous tumors is based on the extent of spread of the tumor rather than on its microscopic appearance. An example of a staging system is the TNM staging system. It has been applied to malignancies such as lung cancer, as well as many other tumors. T refers to the size and degree of local extension of the tumor. N refers to the number of regional lymph nodes that have been invaded by tumor. M refers to the presence or absence of metastases that is spreads to distant sites of the tumor cells. Subscripts are used to denote size and degree of involvement. For instance 0 indicates undetectable and 1, 2, 3, and 4-a progressive increase in size or involvement. A tumor may be described as T1, N2, M0 that is a small tumor with spread to regional nodes, but no distant metastases.

TNM STAGING METHOD:

TUMOR

T0-No evidence of primary tumor

T IS-cancer in situ

T1, T2 T3 T4-Progressive increase in tumor size and involvement

TX-tumor cannot be assessed

NODES

N0-regional lymph nodes not demonstrably abnormal

N1, N2, N3, N4-increasing numbers or increasingly distant location of spread to regional lymph nodes.

Nx- regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed clinically.

METASTASIS

M0- no evidence of metastasis.

M1, M2, M3, M4-Ascending degrees of distant metastasis

In the next lesson we will study about Cancer Treatment Methods and Its Administration Types. Okay.

Come on.

To go to the next lesson from here please click the link below

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

IMPORTANT RADIOLOGY NUCLEAR MEDICINE TERMS-3-LESSON 148

-
1. Magnetic resonance imaging- A magnetic ground radio signals are used to outline sagittal, coronal, and axial pictures of the body. 2. Megavoltage- High-energy radiation engendered by means of an equipment and employed in restorative x-ray analysis intended for cancer. 3. Nuclear medicine- This is a medical speciality, which examines and employs of radioactive materials called radionuclides within identification and treatment of ailment. 4. Orthovoltage- Emission of low-energy radioactive waves that are employed in pain-killing radiation therapy and exterior skin cancer diseases. 5. Palliative- Means just soothing or painkilling, not curing completely that is not possible. 6. PET scan or positron emission tomography- Radioactive materials are administered using intravenous route and these substances give out positrons. They generate a cross-sectional picture of the metabolism of the body. These images symbolize local concentration of the radio
Read more

HUMAN BONE STRUCTURE - LESSON 200

-
Now in this post we will learn about the structure of the bone. In our human body there are 206 bones of different types are there. The thigh, lower leg, and upper and lower arm consists of long bones. These bones have large surface areas for muscle attachment and are very strong, are broad at the ends where they join with other bones. There are five types of bones in the human body. The five types are long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. 1. Long bones:- These bones are comprised mostly of compact bone and lower amounts marrow, which is located within the medullary cavity, and spongy bone and are characterized by a shaft, the diaphysis, that is much larger in length than breadth. These bones are mostly present in the limbs, including those of the fingers and toes are long bones. Except the wrist, ankle, and kneecap these long bones are located in most. 2. Short bones:- These short bones are generally cube shaped and having a thin layer of compact bone surrounding a
Read more

The Longest Medical Word

-
Image
Today, we will know about an interesting medical term in medical language. This post is just to know about a different thing in the medical language, though this word is used very rarely in our day-to-day medical transcription work. The longest medical word is "Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis"!!!!!. Can you read at least Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.  Now, we will see the meaning of this word.  To know the meaning shall we split the word by word. Okay.  1.  Pneumono 2.  Ultramicrosopic 3.  Silico 4.  Volcano 5.  Conosis. So, Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis comprises of 5 medical words and in combination, they give a meaning of a certain kind of disease condition related to lungs.  Now, we will see the meaning of each to get the combined understanding of the longest medical word. Pneumono means lungs, ultramicroscopic - means minute, silico means silicon, volcano means eruption, and conosis means abnorm
Read more