MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY-PHARMACOLOGY-LESSON 167

In this lesson we will learn about the Combining forms, Prefixes and Terminology

Combining form -> Meaning -> Terminology

1. aer/o means air - aerosol means particles of solution in air suspended.

2. aiges/o means sensitivity to pain - analgesic means without sensitivity to pain.

3. bronch/o means bronchial tube - agents which expands bronchial tubes - bronchodilator.

( Theophylline is as smooth muscle relaxtant used to treat asthma, emphysema and

Chronic bronchitis)

4. chem/o means drug - chemotherapy means treatment using drugs.

5. cras/o means mixture - idiosyncrasy means an abnormal unexpected

effect of a drug that is peculiar to an individual.

(idi/o means individual, peculiar, syn- means together)

6. cutane/o means skin - subcutaneous means under the skin.

7. derm/o means skin - hypodermic means also under the skin.

8. erg/o means work - synergism means condition of working.

9. esthes/o means feeling, sensation - anesthesia means without sensation of histamine.

10. hist/o means tissue - antihistamine means against more production.

(Histamine means a substance present in all body tissues which causes capillary dilation and gastric acid secretion and constricts bronchial tube)

11. hypn/o means sleep - hypnotic which means pertaining to sleep.

12. latr/o means treatment - latrogenic which means side effect of treatment.

13. lingu/o means tongue - sublingual which means under the tongue.

14. myc/o means mold, fungus - erythromycin which means effective against many Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative.

15. narc/o means stupor - narcotic which means pertaining to stupor.

16. pharmac/o means drug - pharmacology means study of drugs.

17. prurit/o means itching - antipruritic which is against itching.

18. pyret/o means fever - antipyretic which means against fever.

19. thec/o means sheath - intrathecal which means within the sheath.

(Sheath means 'brain and spinal cord)

In the next post we would learn about Vitamins and their source in food and the remaining combining forms. Okay.

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PHARMACOLOGY-GENERAL MEDICAL TERMS-2-LESSON 166

In this lesson we will learn about the classes of Drugs:

1. ACE inhibitor:- It lowers blood pressure. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II which is a powerful vasoconstrictor.

2. Amphetamine:- It is a Central nervous system stimulant.

3. Analgesic:- Drug which stops pain.

4. Anesthetic:- Drug which reduces or takes out sensation.

5. Antacid:- Drug which is Gastrointestinal that neutralizes acid in the stomach.

6. Antianginal:- A drug which stops angina which means chest pain due to enough flow of blood to the heart muscle.

7. Antiarrhythmic:- A cardiovascular drug which helps to restore heart rhythm to a regular cycle.

8. Antibiotic:- A chemical substance produced by a plant or microorganism, that has the ability to inhibit or kill foreign organisms in the body.

9. Anticoagulant:- Clotting of blood is prevented by the drug.

10. Anticonvulsant:- Convulsions of blood is prevented by the drug (abnormal brain activity).

11. Antidepressant:- A drug used to relieve symptoms of depression.

12. Antidiabetic:- A drug which is used in treatment of diabetes melitus.

13. Antidiarrheal:- A drug which is used in treatment of diarrhea.

14. Antiemetic:- To prevent nausea and vomiting this agent is used.

15. Antihistamine:- The drugs which are used to block the action of histamine and helps prevent symptoms of allergy.

16. Antihypertensive:- An agent which lowers blood pressure.

17. Antinauseant:- An agent which prevents nausea and vomiting, antiemetic.

18. Antiulcer drug:- The secretion of acid by cells of the lining of stomach which is inhibited by this drug.

19. Barbituate:- A drug which is sedative-hypnotic and is derived from barbituric acid.

20. Beta-blocker:- A drug which blocks the action of epinephrine at sites on receptors of heart muscle cells, the muscle lining of blood vessels, and bronchial tubes; antiarrhythmics, antianginals, and antihypertensives.

21. Caffeine:- Stimulant of Central nervous system.

22. Calcium channel blocker:- A drug which blocks the entrance of calcium into heart muscle and muscle lining of blood vessels; and also used as antiarrhythmics, antianginals, and antihypertensives.

23. Cardiotonic:- A drug which promotes the force and efficiency of the heart.

24. Cathartic:- A drug which prevents constipation.

25. Diuretic:- A drug which is used to improve the production of urine and reduces the volume of fluid i.e, hypertensive.

26. Emetic:- A drug which is used to promote vomiting.

27. Glucocorticoid:- A hormone from the adrenal cortex that raises blood sugar and reduces inflammation.

28. Hypnotic:- An agent which produces sleep.

29. Laxative:- Weak cathartic.

30. Narcotic:- A drug of habit-forming which is used to relieve pain by producing stupor or insensibility.

31. Purgative:- A strong cathartic.

32. Sedative:- A drug which is mildly hypnotic that relaxes without necessarily producing sleep.

33. Stimulant:- An agent which excites and promotes activity.

34. Tranquilizer:- A drug which is used to control anxiety and severe disturbances of behavior.

In the next lesson we will study about pharmacological combining forms, terminologies, and prefixes. Okay.

Come on.

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PHARMACOLOGY-GENERAL MEDICAL TERMS-1-LESSON 165

In this post we will learn about the general medical terms of pharmacology and their definitions

General terms and their meanings

1. Addictive action:- An action in which two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each drug.

2. Aerosol:- Drug particles which are suspended in air.

3. Antidote:- Agent given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug.

4. Anaphylaxis:- An extensive level of hypersensitivity reaction of the body to a drug or foreign organism.

5. Brand name:- A commercial name for a drug trade name.

6. Chemical name:- A drug's chemical formula

7. Contraindications:- Prevention of particular drug or treatment for the patient's condition.

8. Food and Drug Administration (FDA):- For enforcing the proper drug manufacture and clinical use the Governmental agency is having the legal responsibility.

9. Generic name:- A drug's legal noncommercial name.

10. Iatrogenic:- Individual sensitivity of a drug or a result of mistakes in a drug use having an effect is produced.

11. Idiosyncrasy:- The effect which is produced in a particular sensitive individual which is unexpected but not seen in most patients.

12. Inhalation:- Gaseous or vapor form of drugs is given through the nose or mouth.

13. Medicinal Chemistry:- Relationship between chemical structure and biological effects, study of new drug synthesis.

14. Molecular pharmacology:- The study of interaction of drugs and subcellular entities such as DNA, RNA and enzymes.

15. Oral administration:- The drugs which are given by mouth.

16. Parenteral administration:- The drugs which are given by injection into the skin, muscle or veins or any route through the digestive tract.

17. Pharmacodynamics:- The study of effects of a drug within the body.

18. Pharmacokinetics:- For a period of time we have to calculate the drug concentration in tissues and blood.

19. Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR):- The lists of drug products which is referred.

20. Receptor:- A drug interacts in the body with a target substance.

21. Rectal administration:- The drugs which are inserted through the anus into the rectum.

22. Side effect:- From the use of a drug which routinely results in toxic effect.

23. Sublingual administration:- Under the tongue drugs are placed.

24. Synergism:- The combination of two or more drugs causes in effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug one potentiation.

25. Syringe:- To withdraw fluids from the body this instrument is used.

26. Tolerance:- To achieve the desired effect larger and larger doses of drugs are given.

As the treatment with a drug progresses the patient becomes resistant.

27. Topical application:- The drugs which are applied on the mucous membrane of the body, i.e, ointments, creams, and lotions which are applied.

28. Toxicity:- Drug's harmful effects.

29. Toxicology:- The study of harmful chemicals and their effects on the body and is a branch of pharmacology.

30. Transport:- The movement of a drug across a cell membrane into body cells.

31. United States Pharmacopeia (U.S.P):- List of drugs, formulas, and preparations that sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing with an authoritative list.

32. Vitamin:- Substance which is good for health and growth and which is found in foods and in essential.

In the next post we would learn about the Classes of Drugs.

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MEDICINES-LESSON 164

Now in this lesson we will learn about Respiratory Drugs and their types

Respiratory Drugs:- These drugs are given for the treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), allergy, asthma, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, lung disease, smoking cessation, pneumonia, emphysema, sinus infections, and others. Bronchodilators are used to open the air passages and can be administered by injection or inhalers like aerosol. These drugs also reduce inflammation in nasal passages. There are varieties of Respiratory Drugs.

1. Bronchodilators:- These medicines are helpful to open the bronchial tubes of the lungs, allowing more air to flow through them.

Exs:- 1. Albuterol (Proventil)

2. Aminophylline (Amoline)

3. (Nembutal)

4. Epinephrine

5. Theophyline (Theo-Dur)

2. Steroid:- Steroids are the drugs that doctors typically prescribe tohelp control inflammation in the body. They are often used for control conditions like asthma and lupus.

Exs:- 1. Beclomethasone (Becloven)

2. Vancenase Nasal Inhaler

Sedatives:- The drugs that relax and calm nervousness and permitting to sleep. These generally work by modulating signals within the central nervous system. Hypnotics are sedative drugs that produce sleep. Most sedatives also have addictive potential. For all these reasons, sedatives are used under supervision and only when prescribed they are to be used.

Exs:- 1. Flurazepam (Daimane)

2. Temazepam (Restoril)

3. Triazolam (Haloion)

4. Zolpiden (Ambien)

Barbiturates:- Barbiturates are a type of sedative-hypnotic derived from barbituric acid. A patient can develop tolerance to barbiturates, making the drugs habit forming.

Exs:- 1. Phenobarbital

2. Secobarbital (Seconal)

3. Sodium pentobarbital

STIMULANTS AND TRANQUILIZERS

Stimulants:- Stimulants are the medications that act on the brain and are used to speed up vital processes. They are used to increase heart rate, breathing rate and brain function. High dose can produce restlessness, insomnia, and hypertension. Some stimulants affect only a specific organ such as heart, lungs, brain or nervous system. Caffiene is also a cerebral stimulant. It is used in drugs to relieve certain types of headache by constricting cerebral blood vessels. Some stimulants cause unwanted side effects. For example, pseudoephedrine found in some cold medicines can increase the heart rate.

Exs:- 1. Caffeine

2. Dextroamphetamine sulfate (Dexedrine)

3. Methylphenidatle (Ritalin)

Tranquilizers:- A tranquilizer is a drug that acts on the central nervous system and is used to calm, decrease anxiety, or help a person to sleep. These are often called depressants because they suppress the central nervous system and slow the body down, they are used to treat mental illness, anxiety and sleeplessness. They should be used only under the supervision of Physician. There are two types or categories of tranquilizers. They are major tranquilizers and minor tranquilizers. The major tranquilizers are called antipsychotic drugs and the minor tranquilizers are called antianxiety drugs.

Major Tranquilizers:

Exs:- 1. Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

2. Lithium

3. Thioridazine (Mellaril)

4. Trifluoperazine (Stelazine)

Minor Tranquilizers:

Exs:- 1. Alprazolam (Xanax)

2. Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)

3. Clorazepate (Tranxene)

4. Diazepam (Valium)

5. Flurazepam (Daimane)

6. Oxazepam (Serax)

In the next post we would learn about the general medical terms of pharmacology. Okay.

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GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS-LESSON 163

Now in this lesson we will learn about Gastrointestinal Drugs and their types

Gastrointestinal Drugs:- These drugs are used to relieve uncomfortable and dangerous symptoms, rather than as cures for particular diseases. The various types of gastrointestinal drugs are:-

1. Antacids:- Antacids are the drugs which are used to neutralize the hydrochloric acid in the stomach to cure symptoms of peptic ulcer, esophagitis and epigastric discomfort. These Antacids are taken by mouth and contain ingredients such as aluminium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate in various combinations. They also contain ingredients such as simethicone which takes out gas.

Exs:- 1. Aluminium and magnesium antacid (Gaviscon)

2. Magnesium antacid (milk of magnesia)

3. Aluminium antacid (Rolaids)

2. Antidiarrheal:- These drugs stops diarrhea and decrease the rapid movement of the walls of the colon.

Exs:- 1. Diphenoxylate and atropine (Lomotil)

2. Loperamide (Imodium)

3. Paregoric

3. Cathartic:- This relieves constipation and promote defecation for diagnostic and operative procedures and are used in the treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the Cathartics are used to increase the intestinal salt content to fill the intestines. Some others increase the group of feaces to promote peristaisis in the intestinal walls.

Exs:- 1. Laxatives

2. Purgatives

4. Antinauseant (Antiemetic):- This medication relieves nausea and vomiting. The best examples of antiemetics are the medications of Coke syrup, ginger and motion sickness.

Exs:- 1. Medizine (Antivert)

2. Metociopramide (Regian)

3. Ondansetron (Zefran)

4. Prochlorperazine maleate (Compazine)

5. Antiulcer:- These drugs are exclusive of the antibacterial agents used to treat ulcers in the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine.

Exs:- 1. Cimetidine (Tagamet)

2. Ranitidine (Zantac)

3. Casanthranol and docusate sodium (Peri-Colace)

Respiratory Drugs:- These drugs are given for the treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), allergy, asthma, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, lung disease, smoking cessation, pneumonia, emphysema, sinus infections, and others. Bronchodilators are used to open the air passages and can be administered by injection or inhalers like aerosol. These drugs also reduce inflammation in nasal passages. There are varieties of Respiratory Drugs.

In the next post we would learn about the different types of Respiratory Drugs. Okay.

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TYPES OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DRUGS-LESSON 162

Now in this lesson we will learn about different types of Endocrine drugs

TYPES OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DRUGS

The various types of endocrine drugs are:-

1. Androgen:- These are male hormones that are used for male hormone replacement or to treat endometriosis and breast cancer in women.

Exs:- 1. Fluoxymesterone (Halotestin)

2. Methyltesterone (Virilon)

2. Antiandrogen:- This will be helpful to treat prostate cancer. Antiandrogens usually work by blocking the related receptors, competing for binding sites on the cell's surface, rejecting the androgen's way.

Ex:- 1. Flutamide

3. Estrogen:- These are female harmones that are used for symptoms associated with menopause and to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis. The deficiency of Estrogen can lead to osteoporosis.

Ex:- 1. Estrogens (Premarin, Estradiol)

4. Antiestrogen:- These are used to prevent recurrence of breast cancer and to treat metastatic breast cancer. Some patients have tumors that are extra-sensitive to this normal estrogen level. Antiestrogens block the protein on the outside wall of the estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cell. By blocking this protein known as estrogen receptor, the free-floating estrogen cannot stimulate the cancer cells to grow and multiply any further.

Ex:- 1. Tamoxifen ( Nolvadex)

5. Glucocorticoid:- These hormones predominantly affects the metabolism of carbohydrates and to a smaller extent of fats and proteins. These hormones are made in the outside portion of the adrenal gland and chemically classed as steroids. Cortisol is the

major natural hormone of glucocorticoid. These hormones applies to equivalent hormones which are synthesized in the laboratory.

Exs:- 1. Dexamethasone (Decadron)

2. Prednisone (Deltasone)

6. Progestin:- This hormone suppresses the release of hormone and increases the cycle of menstruation. These progestins are prescribed for abnormal uterine bleeding due to harmonic imbalance together with estrogen in hormone replacement therapy and in oral contraceptives. The contraceptive drug imbedded under the skin is Levonorgestret also called Norplant.

Exs:- 1. Medroxyprogesterone (Provers)

2. Megestrol (Megace)

7. Thyroid Hormone:- These hormones are made artificially that prepares a lack of natural hormones produced by the thyroid gland. It is administered when there is a low output of hormone from the thyroid gland.

Exs:- 1. Levothyroxine (Synthroid)

2. Liothronine (Cytomel)

3. Liotrix (Euthroid)

In the next post we would learn about the different types of Gastrointestinal Drugs. Okay.

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TYPES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS-LESSON 161

In this post let us learn briefly about the types of Cardiovascular drugs

1. Statins:- These drugs are used to lower cholesterol in human body system. If the diet cannot be controlled through diet and exercises then doctors prescribe the different types of statins.

2. Diuretics:- These drugs are helpful to reduce fluid retention, blood pressure though they are not first line blood pressure medications. When the heart work harder these drugs reduces workload of heart.

3. Anticoagulants:- These drugs are used to prevent blood clotting. To shorten our future risk this drugs are regularly used.

4. Anti-platelet:- These drugs are preferred to anticoagulants and the mostly used medication is aspirin.

5. Beta-blockers:- These drugs have more uses. They are helpful in controlling blood pressure, slow fast arrhythmias and reduce chest pain associated with angina. The different types of beta-blockers are helpful to control heart disease symptoms.

6. Digitalis:- These drugs are used to stimulate the heart to beat more forcefully. Those who are suffering from arrhythmias may require this type of drugs and also used for the person who is in congestive heart failure.

7. Vasodilators:- These drugs raise blood pressure and are used in cardiac and respiratory failure and in bronchial asthma and to prolong the action of local anesthetics.

.8. Calcium channel blockers:- These drugs are also useful in the treatment of some forms of angina. It is also prescribed to treat certain arrhythmias or high blood pressure.

9. ACE (Angiotensin converting enzymes):- These inhibitors decrease blood supply to the heart and may lower blood pressure but these increase heart function.

Endocrine drugs:- These drugs acts like naturally occurring hormones. Androgens are male hormones used in male hormone replacement or to treat endometriosis and breast cancer in women. Estrogens are female hormones that are used for symptoms associated with menopause also called estrogen replacement therapy and also used for preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis. An antiestrogen drug is tamoxifen which is used to prevent recurrence of breast cancer.

In the next post we would learn about the different types of endocrine drugs. Okay.

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