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Symbiosis refers to the living together in close association of two organisms, either for mutual benefit or not. The bacteria that normally live in the digestive tract of humans are an example of symbiosis. Parasitism is an example of symbiosis in which, one organism benefits and the other does not. The definition of symbiosis is in flux, and the term has been applied to a wide range of biological interactions. The symbiotic relationship may be categorized as being mutualistic, parasitic, or commensal in nature. Others define it more narrowly, as only those relationships from which both organisms benefit, in which case it would be synonymous with mutualism. Symbiotic relationships included those associations in which one organisms lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or zooxanthelles in corals). Symbiotic relationships may be either obligat...

WHAT IS SPLENOMEGALY MEANS?  The spleen is an organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen (below the diaphragm and to the side of the stomach). It is composed of lymph tissue and blood vessels. Its job is to dispose of dying red blood cells and manufacture white blood cells (lymphocytes) to fight disease. If the spleen must be removed (splenectomy) other organs carry out these functions. Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen, which usually occurs in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the human abdomen. The four most reasons for this condition are hypersplenism, and cytopenia(s), normal or hyperplastic bone marrow, and also may be the response to a splenectomy. Splenomegaly is generally associated with hemolytic anemias, which suggests that it is a response to hyperfunction. Splenomegaly is associated with any disease process that involves abnormal red blood cells being destroyed in the spleen. Other common causes include congestion due to portal hypertens...

What is symphysis meant?  A form of cartilaginous joint in which union between two bones is effected by fibrocartilage without a synovial membrane. A union, meeting point, or commissure of two structures. A growing together of bones originally separate, as of the two pubic bones. A line or junction thus formed. A pathological adhesion or growing together. A symphysis is a fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones. It is a type of cartilaginous joint. Unlike synchondroses, symphyses are permanent. The important types of symphyses are: 1. Pubic symphysis. The pubic symphysis is the midline cartilaginous joint (secondary cartilaginous) uniting the superior rami of the left and right pubic bones. It is located anterior to the urinary bladder and superior to the external genitalia; for females it is above the vulva and for males it is above the penis. In males, the suspensory ligament of the penis attaches to the pubic symphysis. In females, the pubic symphysis is in...

A transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP) is a removal of portion of the prostate, gland by means of an instrument that is passed through (trans-) the urethra. The procedure is necessary when the prostatic tissue enlarges (hypertrophics) and interferes with urination. This is a urological operation. It is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia abbreviated as BPH. As the name indicates, it is performed by visualising the prostate gland through the urethra and removing tissue by electrocautery or sharp dissection. This is considered as the most effective treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia. This procedure is done with spinal or general anesthetic. A large triple lumen catheter is inserted through the urethra to irrigate and drain the bladder after the surgical procedure is complete. Outcome is considered excellent for 80-90% of BPH patients. Risks of BPH surgey: BPH surgery is associated with bleeding risks, so TURP is not considered sa...

Diagnostic ultrasonography is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as muscles, joints, blood vessles, tendons, and internal organs using ultrasound waves that is inaudible sound waves to produce an image or photogrpah of an organ or a tissue for possible pathology or lesions. In physics the term "ultrasound" applies to all acoustic energy with a frequency above human hearing (20,000 hertz or 20 kilohertz). Typical diagnostic sonographic scanners operate in the frequency range of 2 to 18 megahertz, hundreds of times greater than the limit of human hearing. The choice of frequency is a trade-off between spatial resolution of the image and imaging depth: lower frequencies produce less resolution but image deeper into the body. Obstetric sonography is commonly used during pregnancy and is widely recognized by the public. There are a plethora of diagnostic and therapeutic applications practiced in me...

F. COMPLETE THE MEDICAL TERM FROM ITS MEANING GIVEN BELOW: 1. white blood cell: ____________________ cyte. 2. inflammation of the stomach: gastr ____________________. 3. pertaining to produced by treatment: ____________________genic. 4. study of kidneys: ____________________cyte. 5. mass of blood: ____________________oma. 6. viewing of living tissue: bi____________________. 7. red blood cell: ____________________cyte. 8. pain of nerves: neur____________________. 9. process of viewing: endo____________________. 10. inflammation of the small intestine: ____________________itis. G. MATCH THE ENGLISH TERM IN COLUMN I WITH ITS COMBINING FORM IN COLUMN II 1. kidney ____________________ psych/o 2. disease ____________________ ophthalm/o 3. eye ____________________ oste/o 4. to cut ____________________ radi/o 5. nose ____________________ path/o 6. flesh ____________________ ren/o 7. mind ____________________ radi/o 8. urinary tract ____________________ onc/o 9. bone...

A. COMPLETE THE SENTECES OF THE FOLLOWING: 1. The foundation of a word is known as the ____________________. 2. Word endings are called ____________________. 3. Word beginning are called ____________________. 4. A letter linking a suffix and a root, or linking two roots, in a term is called the ____________________. B. GIVEN THE MEANINGS FOR THE FOLLOWING COMBINING FORMS: 1. cardi/o ____________________. 2. ade/o ____________________. 3. bi/o ____________________. 4. cerebr/o ____________________. 5. cephal/o ____________________. 6. arthr/o ____________________. 7. carcin/o ____________________. 8. cyst/o ____________________. 9. dermat/o ____________________. 10. derm/o ____________________. 11. encephal/o ____________________. 12. electr/o ____________________. C. GIVE THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING SUFFIXES: 1. -oma ____________________. 2. -al ____________________. 3. –itis ____________________. 4. –logy ____________________. 5. –scopy _______________...