Skin And Its Combining Forms II -- Lesson 250

The meaning of myc/o combining form is fungus (fungi include yeasts, molds and mushrooms) and its terminology is dermatomycosis which means an abnormal condition of infection. An example is ringworm on the skin especially between the toes athlete's foot. The meaning of onych/o combining form is nail and its 

terminology is onycholysis which means separation of the nail plate from the nail bed in fungal infections or after trauma. The another terminology is onychomycosis which means fungal infection of the nail . The nails become white,aopaque, thickened, and brittle. The another terminology is paronychia which means inflammation and selling. Par- means near or bedside. Paronychia is inflammation and swelling of the soft tissue around the nail and is associated with torn cuticles of of ingrown nails.

The meaning of phyt/o combining form is plant and its terminology is dermatophytosis which means fungal infections of the hands and feet. The meaning of pil/o combining form is hair and its terminology is pilosebaceous which means gland secreting oil on the scalp. sebac/o means a gland that secretes sebum. 

The meaning of seb/o combining form is sebum which means oily secretion from sebaceous glands and its terminology seborrhea which means excessive secretion from sebaceous glands. Seborrheic dermatitis is commonly known as dandruff. The meaning of squam/o combining form is scale-like and its terminology is 

squamous epithelium which means flat and scale-like cells. The meaning of steat/o combining form is fat and its terminology is steatoma which is cystic collection of sebum. Sebaceous cyst, this is a cystic collection of sebum or fatty material that forms in a sebaceous gland and can become infected.

The meaning of trich/o combining form is hair and its terminology is trichomycosis which means fungal disease of brain. The meaning of ungu/o is nail and its terminology is subungual which means under the nail. The meaning of xanth/o combining form is yellow and its terminology is xanthoma which means nodules under the skin by lipid deposits. Nodules develop under the skin owing to excess lipid deposits. Usually associated with a high cholesterol level. Plaques that appear on the eyelids of elderly people are called xanthelasmas in which -elasma means a flat plate. The meaning of xer/o is dry and its terminology is xeroderma and its meaning is mild form of ichmyosis (-derma means skin). 

In the next post we will learn about lesions, symptoms, abnormal conditions and skin neoplasms. 

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Skin And Its Combining Forms -- Lesson 249

In this post we would go through some more vocabulary of combinging terms
The meaning of caus/o combining form is burn or burning and its terminology is causalgia which means intensely unpleasant burning sensation in skin and muscles when there is damage to nerves. The meaning of cutane/o combining form is skin and its terminology is subcutaneous which means under the skin. The meaning of derm/o combining form is skin and its terminology is 1. epidermis means above the skin, 2. dermatitis means inflammation of the skin, 3. dermatoplasty means growth of skin, 4. dermatologist means specialist of skin, 5. epidermolysis which means loosening of the epidermis with the growth of large blists which occurs after injury. The meaning of diaphor/o combining form is profuse sweating and its terminology is diaphoresis means profuse sweating. The meaning of erythem/o combining form is redness and its terminology is erythema means redness of the skin. The terminology of erythemat/o is flushing which means widespread redness of the skin.

The meaning of hidr/o combining form is sweat and its terminology is anhidrosis which means no sweating. The meaning of ichthy/o combining form is scaly, dry and its terminology is ichthyosis which means abnormal condition of scaly, dry skin or a herdeditary condition in which the skin is dry, rough and scaly because of a defect in keratinization. This can also be acquired appearing with malignancies such as lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. The meaning of kerat/o combining form is hard, horny tissue and its terminology is keratosis which means abnormal condition of tissue. The meaning of leuk/o combining form is white and its terminology is leukoplakia which means white plaques of the skin (plakia means plaques). The meaning of lip/o combining form is fat and its terminology is lipoma which means malignant tumour of fat cells.

The meaning of melan/o combining form is black and its terminology is melanocyte which means black pigment cell, melanoma which means tumour of melanocytes. This is a malignant skin tumour.

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Colors and its Suffixes -- Lesson 248

Now in this post we would come across some of the vocabulary

Let us know about some colors

1. The Combining form of albin/o means white and its terminology is albinism.

2. The combining form of anthrac/o means black (as coal) and its terminology is anthracosis.

3. The combining form of chlor/o means green and its terminology is chlorophyll.

4. The combining form of cirrh/o means tawn yellow and its terminology is cirrhosis.

5. The combining form of cyan/o means blue and its terminology is cyanosis.

6. The combining form of eosin/o means rosy and its terminology is eosinophil.

7. The combining form of erythr/o means red and its terminology is erythrocyte.

8. The combining form of jaund/o means yellow and its terminology is jaundice.

9. The combining form of leuk/o means white and its terminology is leukoderma.

10. The combining form of tute/o means yellow and its terminology is corpus luteum.

11. The combining form of melan/o means black and its terminology is melanocyte.

12. The combining form of poli/o means gray and its terminology is Poliomyelitis.

13. The combining form of xanth means yellow and its terminology is xanthoma.

Let us study about some of the combining forms and its suffixes.

1. The meaning of the combining form adip/o is fat and its terminology is adipose.

2. The meaning of the combining form albin/o is white and its terminology is albinism which lists

combining forms for colors and examples of terms using those combining forms.

In the next lesson we will learn some more vocabulary

Tags: albinism, anthracosis, chlorophyll, cirrhosis, cyanosis, eosinophil, erythrocyte, jaundice, leukoderma, luteum, melanocyte, poliomyelitis, xanthoma, adipose

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Short Definitions Of Related Terms --- Lesson 247

In this post we would learn about some of the terms and their short definitions which will reinforce your way of understanding the terms.

1. Albino means a person with the deficiency of the skin in pigment.

2. Basal layer means the deepest region of the epidermis; which gives rise to all the epidermal cells.

3. Collagen is the structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue.

4. Corium is the middle layer of the skin which is also called dermis.

5. Cuticle is the band of epidermis at the base and side of the nail plate.

6. Dermis means the corium.

7. Epidermis means the outermost layer of the skin.

8. Epithelium means the layer of skin cells forming the outer and inner surfaces of the body.

9. Hair follicle is the sac or tube within which each hair grows.

10. Horny cell is a keratin-filled cell in the epidermis.

11. Integumentary system is the skin and its accessory structures such as hair and nails.

12. Keratin is a hard, protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails. Keratin means horn and is commonly found in the horns of animals.

13. Lipocyte is a fat cell.

14. Lunula is the half-moon-shaped, white area at the base of a nail.

15. Melanin means a black pigment formed by melanocytes in the epidermis.

16. Sebaceous gland means an oil-secreting gland in the corium that is associated with hair follicles.

17. Sebum is an oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands.

18. Squamous epithelium is a flat, scale-like cells composing the epidermis.

19. Stratified means arranged in layers.

20. Stratum is a layer of cells.

21. Stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis, which consists of flattened, keratinized (horny), cells.

22. Subcutaneous tissue means the innermost layer of the skin, containing fat tissue.

In the next post we would go through vocabulary.

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Types Of Glands - Lesson 246

In this post we  would learn about glands of different types.

1. Sebaceous Glands: These glands are located in the corium layer of the skin over the entire body, ;with the exception of the palms (hands) and soles (feet). The oily substance which they secrete is called sebum. Sebum, which contains lipids, lubricates the skin and minimizes water loss. The sebaceous glands which are closely associated with hair follicles, and their ducts open into the hair follicle through which the sebum is released. These sebaceous are influenced by sex hormones, which cause them to hypertrophy at puberty and atrophy in old age. Overproduction of sebum during puberty contributes to blackhead (comedo) formation and acne in some individuals.

2. Sweat Glands: These glands are tiny, coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces (about two million in the body). In the palm of the hand they are very large in number (3000 glands per sq in) and on the sole of the foot. The coiled sweat gland originates deep in the corium and straightens out to extend up through the epidermis. The tiny opening on the surface is called a pore. 

The form of sweat, or perspiration is almost pure water, with dissolved materials such as salt making up less than 1 per cent of the total composition. It is colorless and odorless. The odor produced when sweat accumulates on the skin is due to the action of bacteria on the sweat. Sweat which cools the body as it evaporates into the air. The sympathetic nervous system controls the perspiration, whose nerve fibres are activated by the heart regulatory center in the hypothalamic region of the brain, which stimulates sweating.

The sweat gland which is a kind of special variety is active only from puberty onward and larger than the ordinary kind is concentrated in a few areas of the body which is adjacent the reproductive organs and the armpits. These glands, would secrete an odorless sweat, but it contains certain substances that are easily broken down by bacteria on the skin. The breakdown products are responsible for the characteristic human body odor. The milk-producing mammary gland is another type of modified sweat gland: it secretes milk only after the birth of a child.

In the next post we would go through vocabulary.

Tags: sebaceous sweat glands, sebaceous gland carcinoma, sebaceous glands hair follicles, overactive sweat glands, infected sweat glands, swollen sweat glands, blocked sweat gland, sweat glands in armpit, what are sweat glands, removal of sweat glands

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Accessory Organs Of The Skin - - Lesson 245

In this post we would learn about ‘accessory organs of the skin’. Then in our mind one question may arise? What are the accessory organs of the skin?

1. Hair: A fiber of hair is composed or consisted of a tightly fused meshwork of horny cells filled with the hard protein also called keratin. The growth of hair is similar to the growth of the epidermal layer of the skin. Deep-lying cells in the hair root which produce horny cells that move upwards or to the top through the hair follicles (shafts or sacs that hold the hair fibers). At the root of the hair follicle, melanocytes are located and they support the melanin pigment for the horny cells of the hair fiber. Whenever the melanocytes stop producing melanin, hair turns gray. Out of the five million hairs on the body, about 100,000 are on the head. They grow about a half inch (1.3cm) a month, and cutting the hair has no effect on its rate of growth.

2. Nails: Nails are hard, the plates called keratin plates covering the dorsal surface of the last bone of each toe and finger. They are composed of horny cells that are cemented together tightly and can extend indefinitely unless cut or broken. As a result of division of cells in the region of the nail root, a nail grows in thickness and length, which is at the base or proximal portion of the nail plate. Mostly nails grow about one mm a week, which means that the re-growth of fingernails may occur in 3-5 months. Toenails which grow more slowly than fingernails, it takes 12-18 months for toenails to be replaced completely.

The ‘lunula’ is a semilunar(half-moon), white region of the base of the nail plate, and it is normally found in the thumbnail of most people and in differing degrees in other fingers. Air mixed in with keratin and cells rich in nuclei give the lunula its whitish color. The cuticle, a narrow band of epidermis(layer of keratin), is at the base and sides of the nail plate. The growth of the nail and appearance are frequently altered during systemic disease. For example, grooves in nails may occur with high fevers and serious illness, and spoon nails(flattening of the nail plate) occurs in iron deficiency anemia.                                                                                             

In the next post we would learn about ‘glands’.

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FUNCTIONS OF DERMIS AND SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER -- LESSON 244

In this post we would learn about the remaining part of the dermis and subcutaneous layer.

In the previous post we came across that the dermis is a layer of skin which is between epidermis and the subcutaneous tissues. This corium consists of interwoven elastic and collagen fibers in which colla- means glue is a fibrous protein material found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments, as well as in the skin. It is not only tough and resistant but also flexible. In kids, collagen is loose and delicate, and it becomes harder as the body ages. In women who bears pregnancy, overstretching of a woman’s skin may break the elastic collagen fibers and stretch the collagen resulting in linear markings called striae or stretch marks. Collagen fibers support and protect the blood and nerve networks that pass through the corium. This collagen diseases affect the connective tissues of the body. The examples of these connective tissue collages disorders are systemic lupus erythematosus and scleroderma. This dermis is composed of three types of major cells. They are 1. Fibroblasts,  2. Macrophages and 3. Adipocytes.

Subcutaneous layer:

The subcutaneous layer of the skin is another connective tissue layer. This tissue makes up deepest layer of the skin. It also helps to hold skin to all the tissues underneath it. It specializes in the formation of lipocytes or fatcells which are predominant in the subcutaneous layer, and they manufacture and store large quantities of fat. Subcutaneous fat can be measured by using body fat calipers giving a rough estimate of total body adiposity. Injection into the subcutaneous tissue is a administrated route of type insulin. Obviously, areas of the body and individuals vary as far as fat deposition is concerned. Functionally, this layer of the skin is important in protection of the deeper tissues of the body and as a heat insulator.

In the next post we would learn about ‘Accessory Organs of the skin’.

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